Associative Learning during Early Adulthood Enhances Later Memory Retention in Honeybees 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Associative Learning during Early Adulthood Enhances Later Memory Retention in Honeybees 英文参考文献.doc

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Associative Learning during Early Adulthood Enhances Later Memory Retention in Honeybees 英文参考文献

AssociativeLearningduringEarlyAdulthoodEnhances LaterMemoryRetentioninHoneybees Andre′sArenas,VanesaM.Ferna′ndez,WalterM.Farina* GrupodeEstudiodeInsectosSociales,IFIBYNE-CONICET,DepartamentodeBiodiversidadyBiolog?′aExperimental,FacultaddeCienciasExactasyNaturales,Universidad deBuenosAires,Pabello′nII,CiudadUniversitaria,BuenosAires,Argentina Abstract Background:Cognitiveexperiencesduringtheearlystagesoflifeplayanimportantroleinshapingthefuturebehaviorin mammalsbutalsoininsects,inwhichprecociouslearningcandirectlymodifybehaviorslaterinlifedependingonboththe timingandtherearingenvironment.However,whetherolfactoryassociativelearningacquiredearlyintheadultstageof insectsaffectmemorizingofnewlearningeventshasnotbeenstudiedyet. Methodology:Groupsofadulthoneybeeworkersthatexperiencedanodorpairedwithasucrosesolution5to8daysor9 to12daysafteremergencewerepreviouslyexposedto(i)arewardedexperiencethroughtheofferingofscentedfood,or (ii)anon-rewardedexperiencewithapurevolatilecompoundintherearingenvironment. PrincipalFindings:Earlyrewardedexperiences(eitherat1–4or5–8daysofadultage)enhancedretentionperformancein 9–12-day-conditionedbeeswhentheyweretestedat17daysofage.Thehighestretentionlevelsatthisage,whichcould not be improved with prior rewarded experiences, were found for memories established at 5–8 days of adult age. Associativememoriesacquiredat9–12daysofageshowedaweakeffectonretentionforsomepurepre-exposedvolatile compounds; whereas the sole exposure of an odor at any younger age did not promote long-term effects on learning performance. Conclusions: The associative learning events that occurred a few days after adult emergence improved memorizing in middle-agedbees.Inaddition,boththetimingandthenatureofearlysensoryinputsinteracttoenhanceretentionofnew learningeventsacquiredlaterinlife,animportantmatterinthesociallifeofhoneybees. Citation: Arenas A, Ferna′ndez VM, Farina WM (2009) Associative Learning during Early Adulthood Enhances Later Memory Retention in Honeybees. PLo