Born Knowing Tentacled Snakes Innately Predict Future Prey Behavior 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Born Knowing Tentacled Snakes Innately Predict Future Prey Behavior 英文参考文献.doc

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Born Knowing Tentacled Snakes Innately Predict Future Prey Behavior 英文参考文献

BornKnowing:TentacledSnakesInnatelyPredictFuture PreyBehavior KennethC.Catania* DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,VanderbiltUniversity,Nashville,Tennessee,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background:Aquatictentacledsnakes(Erpetontentaculatus)cantakeadvantageoftheirprey’sescaperesponsebystartling fishwiththeirbodybeforestriking.Thefeintusuallystartlesfishtowardthesnake’sapproachingjaws.Butwhenfishare orientedatarightangletothejaws,theC-startescaperesponsetranslatesfishparalleltothesnake’shead.Toexploitthis latterresponse,snakesmustpredictthefuturelocationofthefish.Adultsnakescanmakethisprediction.Isitlearned,orare tentacledsnakesbornabletopredictfuturefishbehavior? MethodsandFindings:Laboratory-born,na?¨vesnakeswereinvestigatedastheystruckatfish.Trialswererecordedat250 or500framespersecond.Topreventlearning,snakeswereplacedinawatercontainerwithacleartransparencysheetor glassbottom.Thechamberwasplacedoverachannelinaseparateaquariumwithfishbelow.Thussnakescouldseeand strike at fish, without contact. The snake’s body feint elicited C-starts in the fish below thetransparency sheet, allowing strikeaccuracytobequantifiedinrelationshiptotheC-starts.Whenfishwereorientedatarightangletothejaws,na?¨ve snakes biased their strikes to the future location of the escaping fish’s head, such that the snake’s jaws and the fish’s translatingheadusuallyconverged.Severaldifferenttypesofpredictivestrikeswereobserved. Conclusions: The results show that some predators have adapted their nervous systems to directly compensate for the futurebehaviorofpreyinasensoryrealmthatusuallyrequireslearning.Insteadofbehaviorselectedduringtheirlifetime, newborntentacledsnakesexhibitbehaviorthathasbeenselectedonadifferentscale—overmanygenerations.Counter adaptations in fish are not expected, as tentacled snakes are rare predators exploiting fish responses that are usually adaptive. Citation:CataniaKC(2010)BornKnowing:TentacledSnakesInnatelyPredictFuturePreyBehavior.PLoSONE5(6):e10953.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.