Brain versus Machine Control 英文参考文献.docVIP

Open access, freely available online Book Review/Science in the Media Brain versus Machine Control Jose M. Carmena “D r. Octopus,” the villain that terrorizes the city in the most recent ?lm of the popular Spider-Man comic, is the ultimate characterization of a brain–machine interface (BMI) on the big screen. In Spider-Man 2, the brain is that of nuclear physicist Dr. Otto Octavius, who dreams of harnessing nuclear fusion. The machine is a will and conscience, Octavius, together with the BMI, becomes the villainous Dr. Octopus. At the end of the movie, in a ?icker of sanity and heroism, Octavius dramatically sacri?ces his life as the only way to terminate the evil machine and save the world. Although Dr. Octopus is a ?ctional character, a ?gment of a vivid imagination, audiences are fascinated by the fact that he is a human BMI. BMIs straddle the worlds of fact and ?ction. While the entertainment industry has focused primarily on applications for augmenting cognitive and sensorimotor function, as seen in Star Trek, Firefox, and many other science-?ction scenarios, the scienti?c community has targeted clinical applications, such as neuroprostheses for restoring motor function after traumatic lesion of the central nervous system. The current BMI approach is based on the idea that a human user could enact voluntary motor intentions through a direct interface between his brain and an arti?cial actuator in virtually the same way that we see, walk, or grab an object with our own natural limbs. Pro?cient brain control of an external device or actuator should be achievable through training using any combination of visual, tactile, or auditory feedback. As a result of long-term use of the BMI, the brain should be able to “incorporate” (or adapt to) the arti?cial actuator as an extension of its own body. With these goals in mind, the last ?ve years have witnessed a dramatic increase in BMI-related studies in academic institutions around the world. Subjects have learned