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Differentiation and Gene Flow among European Populations of Leishmania infantum MON-1 英文参考文献.docVIP

Differentiation and Gene Flow among European Populations of Leishmania infantum MON-1 英文参考文献.doc

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Differentiation and Gene Flow among European Populations of Leishmania infantum MON-1 英文参考文献

DifferentiationandGeneFlowamongEuropean PopulationsofLeishmaniainfantumMON-1 KatrinKuhls1*,CarmenChicharro2,CarmenCan?avate2,SofiaCortes3,LeneaCampino3 ,Christos Haralambous4,KettySoteriadou4,FrancinePratlong5,Jean-PierreDedet5,IsabelMauricio6 ,Michael Miles6,MatthiasSchaar1,SebastianOchsenreither1,OliverA.Radtke1,GabrieleScho¨nian1 1Institut fu¨r Mikrobiologie und Hygiene,Charite′ Universita¨tsmedizin Berlin,Berlin,Germany, 2WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Serviciode Parasitolog?′a, InstitutodeSaludCarlosIII,Mahadahonda(Madrid),Spain,3UnidadedeLeishmanioses,InstitutodeHigieneeMedicinaTropical,UniversidadeNovadeLisboa,Lisboa, Portugal, 4Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece, 5Laboratoire de Parasitologie and Centre National de Re′fe′rence des Leishmania,Universite′Montpellier1andCHUMontpellier,Montpellier,France,6DepartmentofInfectiousandTropicalDiseases,LondonSchoolofHygieneandTropical Medicine,London,UnitedKingdom Abstract Background: Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean region, South America, and China. MON-1 L. infantum is the predominating zymodeme in all endemic regions, both in humansanddogs,thereservoirhost.Inordertoanswerimportantepidemiologicalquestionsitisessentialtodiscriminate strainsofMON-1. Methodology/Principal Findings: We have used a set of 14 microsatellite markers to analyse 141 strains of L. infantum mainly from Spain, Portugal, and Greece of which 107 strains were typed by MLEE as MON-1. The highly variable microsatelliteshavethepotentialtodiscriminateMON-1strainsfromotherL.infantumzymodemesandevenwithinMON-1 strains.Model-anddistance-basedanalysisdetectedaconsiderableamountofstructurewithinEuropeanL.infantum.Two majormonophyleticgroups—MON-1andnon-MON-1—couldbedistinguished,withnon-MON-1beingmorepolymorphic. StrainsofMON-98,77,and108werealwayspartoftheMON-1group.AmongMON-1,threegeographicallydeterminedand geneticallydiffe

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