Digital Humanitarianism Collective Intelligence Emerging 英文参考文献.docVIP

Editorial DigitalHumanitarianism:CollectiveIntelligenceEmerging ThePLoSMedicineEditors* Last month at the Me′decins Sans Frontie`res (MSF) Scientific day (http:// centlyhasbeenusedinpoliticalcrisessuch asthatinLibya. Many groups and organizations are doing innovative work in this area to generate and manipulate data. These groups range from small self-organized sets of individuals to intergovernmental organizationssuchastheITU,anagency oftheUN.LastyeartheHarvardHuman- itarianInitiative(/), .uk/Scientific_Day.aspx), a Theseexamplesshareseveralkeychar- acteristics. First, they demonstrate the sheer volume of data available and in timesofcrisishowquicklythedatacanbe compiled, analyzed, and used. Such vol- umes of data mean that the techniques that are often used in emergencies to synthesize the data collected will need to be rethought. Even though many organi- zations—such asUNICEF, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, WorldFoodProgramme,UNHighCom- mission for Refugees, WHO, MSF, and SavetheChildrentonameafew—already manage data in humanitarian emergen- cies, the data available now are quantita- tively and qualitatively different. This is due in part to the second characteristic, which is that the data are not generated exclusively by academics or professionals but by an enormous range of individuals, many of whom (e.g. users of mobile phones after the Haiti earthquake) may notevenrealizetheyaregeneratingdata. session on digital humanitarianism, with a keynote given by Paul Conneally from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), offered a vision of a future where huge amounts of data can be collected, analyzed, and used to facilitate thedeliveryofreliefanddevelopmentaid and information in some of the most challenging settings on earth. The talk acknowledged there are obstacles to be overcome—such as the management of privacy issues—but the overall vision was a compelling one that clearly resonated withitsaudience. which draws together