Differences in Cell Division Rates Drive the Evolution of Terminal Differentiation in Microbes 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Differences in Cell Division Rates Drive the Evolution of Terminal Differentiation in Microbes 英文参考文献.doc

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Differences in Cell Division Rates Drive the Evolution of Terminal Differentiation in Microbes 英文参考文献

DifferencesinCellDivisionRatesDrivetheEvolutionof TerminalDifferentiationinMicrobes Joa?oF.MatiasRodrigues1,2,3*,DanielJ.Rankin1,3,ValentinaRossetti2,AndreasWagner1,3, HomayounC.Bagheri2 1InstituteofEvolutionaryBiologyandEnvironmentalStudies,UniversityofZurich,Zurich,Switzerland,2InstituteofMolecularLifeSciences,UniversityofZurich,Zurich, Switzerland,3SwissInstituteofBioinformatics,UniversityofZurich,Zurich,Switzerland Abstract Multicellulardifferentiatedorganismsarecomposedofcellsthatbeginbydevelopingfromasinglepluripotentgermcell.In manyorganisms,aproportionofcellsdifferentiateintospecializedsomaticcells.Whetherthesecellslosetheirpluripotency orareabletoreversetheirdifferentiatedstatehasimportantconsequences.Reversiblydifferentiatedcellscanpotentially regenerate parts of an organism and allow reproduction through fragmentation. In many organisms, however, somatic differentiation is terminal, thereby restricting the developmental paths to reproduction. The reason why terminal differentiation is a common developmental strategy remains unexplored. To understand the conditions that affect the evolution of terminal versus reversible differentiation, we developed a computational model inspired by differentiating cyanobacteria. We simulated the evolution of a population of two cell types –nitrogen fixing or photosynthetic– that exchange resources. The traits that control differentiation rates between cell types are allowed to evolve in the model. Althoughthetopologyofcellinteractionsanddifferentiationcostsplayaroleintheevolutionofterminalandreversible differentiation,themostimportantfactoristhedifferenceindivisionratesbetweencelltypes.Fasterdividingcellsalways evolvetobecomethegerm line.Ourresultsexplain whymostmulticellular differentiatedcyanobacteria haveterminally differentiated cells, while some have reversibly differentiated cells. We further observed that symbioses involving two cooperating lineages canevolve underconditions whereaggregate size,connectivity,