Digits Lost or Gained Evidence for Pedal Evolution in the Dwarf Salamander Complex (Eurycea, Plethodontidae) 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Digits Lost or Gained Evidence for Pedal Evolution in the Dwarf Salamander Complex (Eurycea, Plethodontidae) 英文参考文献.doc

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Digits Lost or Gained Evidence for Pedal Evolution in the Dwarf Salamander Complex (Eurycea, Plethodontidae) 英文参考文献

DigitsLostorGained?EvidenceforPedalEvolutionin theDwarfSalamanderComplex(Eurycea, Plethodontidae) TripLamb1.,DavidA.Beamer 1,2 . * 1Department ofBiology, EastCarolina University, Greenville,NorthCarolina, UnitedStates ofAmerica, 2DepartmentofMathematicsand Sciences, NashCommunity College,RockyMount,NorthCarolina,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Changeindigitnumber,particularlydigitloss,hasoccurredrepeatedlyovertheevolutionaryhistoryoftetrapods.Although digit loss has been documented among distantly related species of salamanders, it is relatively uncommon in this amphibian order. For example, reduction from five to four toes appears to have evolved just three times in the morphologicallyandecologicallydiversefamilyPlethodontidae.Herewereportamolecularphylogeneticanalysisforoneof these four-toed lineages – the Eurycea quadridigitata complex (dwarf salamanders) – emphasizing relationships to other speciesinthegenus.Amultilocusphylogenyrevealsthatdwarfsalamandersareparaphyleticwithrespecttoacomplexof five-toed,paedomorphicEuryceafromtheEdwardsPlateauinTexas.Weusethisphylogenytoexamineevolutionofdigit number within the dwarf2Edwards Plateau clade, testing contrasting hypotheses of digit loss (parallelism among dwarf salamanders) versus digit gain (re-evolution in the Edwards Plateau complex). Bayes factors analysis provides statistical supportforafive-toedcommonancestoratthedwarf-Edwardsnode,favoring,slightly,theparallelismhypothesisfordigit loss.Moreimportantly,ourphylogeneticresultspinpointarareeventinthepedalevolutionofplethodontidsalamanders. Citation: Lamb T, Beamer DA (2012) Digits Lost or Gained? Evidence for Pedal Evolution in the Dwarf Salamander Complex (Eurycea, Plethodontidae). PLoS ONE7(5):e37544.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037544 Editor:KeithA.Crandall,BrighamYoungUniversity,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedJanuary6,2012;AcceptedApril23,2012;PublishedMay23,2012 Copyright: ? 2012 Lamb, Beamer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the