Discovery of a Modified Tetrapolar Sexual Cycle in Cryptococcus amylolentus and the Evolution of MAT in the Cryptococcus Species Complex 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Discovery of a Modified Tetrapolar Sexual Cycle in Cryptococcus amylolentus and the Evolution of MAT in the Cryptococcus Species Complex 英文参考文献.doc

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Discovery of a Modified Tetrapolar Sexual Cycle in Cryptococcus amylolentus and the Evolution of MAT in the Cryptococcus Species Complex 英文参考文献

DiscoveryofaModifiedTetrapolarSexualCyclein CryptococcusamylolentusandtheEvolutionofMATin theCryptococcusSpeciesComplex KeishaFindley1,2.,ShengSun2.,JamesA.Fraser3,Yen-PingHsueh4,AnnaFloydAverette2,WenjunLi2, FredS.Dietrich2,JosephHeitman2* 1Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, 2Department ofMolecularGenetics andMicrobiology, DukeUniversityMedicalCenter,Durham,NorthCarolina,UnitedStates ofAmerica, 3SchoolofMolecularand MicrobialSciences,UniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Australia,4DivisionofBiology,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Sexualreproductioninfungiisgovernedbyaspecializedgenomicregioncalledthemating-typelocus(MAT).Thehuman fungalpathogenicandbasidiomycetousyeastCryptococcusneoformanshasevolvedabipolarmatingsystem(a,a)inwhich theMATlocusisunusuallylarge(.100kb)andencodes.20genesincludinghomeodomain(HD)andpheromone/receptor (P/R)genes.Tounderstandhowthisuniquebipolarmatingsystemevolved,weinvestigatedMATinthecloselyrelatedspecies TsuchiyaeawingfieldiiandCryptococcusamylolentusanddiscoveredtwophysicallyunlinkedlociencodingtheHDandP/R genes.Interestingly,theHD(B)locussex-specificregionisrestricted(,2kb)andencodestwolinkedanddivergentlyoriented homeodomaingenesincontrasttothesoloHDgenes(SXI1a,SXI2a)ofC.neoformansandCryptococcusgattii.TheP/R(A)locus containsthepheromoneandpheromonereceptorgenesbuthasexpandedconsiderablycomparedtootheroutgroupspecies (Cryptococcusheveanensis)andislinkedtomanyofthegenesalsofoundintheMATlocusofthepathogenicCryptococcus species.OurdiscoveryofaheterothallicsexualcycleforC.amylolentusallowedustoestablishthebiologicalrolesofthesex- determiningregions.Matingsbetweentwostrainsofoppositemating-types(A1B16A2B2)produceddikaryotichyphaewith fusedclampconnections,basidia,andbasidiospores.GenotypingprogenyusingmarkerslinkedandunlinkedtoMATrevealed thatmeiosisanduniparentalm