Dual-Use Research and Technological Diffusion Reconsidering the Bioterrorism Threat Spectrum 英文参考文献.docVIP

Opinion Dual-UseResearchandTechnologicalDiffusion: ReconsideringtheBioterrorismThreatSpectrum JonathanE.Suk1.*,AnnaZmorzynska2.,IrisHunger2,WalterBiederbick3,JuliaSasse3 ,Heinrich Maidhof3,JanC.Semenza1 1ScientificAdviceUnit,EuropeanCentreforDiseasePreventionandControl,Stockholm,Sweden,2ResearchGroupforBiologicalArmsControl,UniversityofHamburg, Hamburg,Germany,3FederalInformationCenterforBiologicalSecurity,RobertKochInstitute,Berlin,Germany The global security community contin- ues to view a potential bioterrorist event with concern. Kofi Annan, former Secre- taryGeneraloftheUnitedNations,stated understanding, can be reasonably antici- pated to provide knowledge, products, or technologiesthatcouldbedirectlymisap- pliedbyothers’’[13]. and early warning systems, coordinating scientificstudies,andidentifyingemerging health threats [26]. As a part of ECDC efforts to evaluate potential bioterrorism threats,wereviewed27assessments(pub- lished between 1997 and 2008) that address the links between life science research andbioterrorismwith theobjec- tive of identifying DURC relevant for public health (Text S1). The focus of the review was limited to the application of DURC by terrorist organizations and it didnotconsiderstate-sponsoredbiological weaponsprograms. ‘‘the most important under-addressed DURC creates a tension between free- domofresearchandnationalsecurity[14– 17].Assecuritycommunitieshavepushed for tighter oversight of research, scientific communitieshavebeenquicktograspthat certain biosecurity regulations, such as export controls [18] or visa controls for foreignscientists[19],runtheriskofbeing inadvertently disruptive [20–24]. Mem- bersoftheUSNSABBhaveevenargued that the inhibition of life science research could be considered a threat to national security and public health in and of itself [25]. Yet as concerns the rationale for biosecuritycontrols,thescientificcommu- nity has been generally muted. Although threat relating to terrorism…is that of terrorist