Education and Risk of Cancer in a Large Cohort of Men and Women in the United States 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Education and Risk of Cancer in a Large Cohort of Men and Women in the United States 英文参考文献.doc

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Education and Risk of Cancer in a Large Cohort of Men and Women in the United States 英文参考文献

EducationandRiskofCancerinaLargeCohortofMen andWomenintheUnitedStates TraciMouw1,AnnemarieKoster2,3,MargaretE.Wright4,MadeleineM.Blank5,StevenC.Moore5 ,Albert Hollenbeck6,ArthurSchatzkin5* 1Division of Epidemiology, Public Health Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, 2Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography,andBiometry,NationalInstituteonAging,NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3FacultyofHealth,MedicineandLife Sciences, Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 4Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 5Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, 6AARP, Washington,D.C.,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: Education inequalities in cancer incidence have long been noted. It is not clear, however, whether such inequalitiespersistintheUnitedStates,especiallyforlesscommonmalignanciesandafteradjustmentforindividualrisk factors. Methodology/Principal Findings: Within the NIH–AARP Diet and Health Study, we examined the association between educationandtheriskofdevelopingcancersinaprospectivecohortof498455participantswhowere50–71yearoldand withoutcanceratenrollmentin1995/96.Duringamaximum8.2yearsoffollow–upweidentified40443cancersinmen and18367inwomen.Inage-adjustedmodels,theleasteducatedmen(,highschool),comparedtothosewiththemost education(post–graduate),hadincreasedrisksofdevelopingcancersoftheesophagus(RR:2.64,95%CI:1.86–3.75),head andneck(1.98,1.54–2.54),stomach(2.32,1.68–3.18),colon(1.31,1.12–1.53),rectum(1.68,1.32–2.13),liver(1.90,1.22–2.95), lung(3.67,3.25–4.15),pleura(4.01,1.91–8.42),bladder(1.56,1.33–1.83)andcombinedsmoking–relatedcancers(2.41,2.22– 2.62).Incontrast,lowereducationlevelwasassociatedwithadecreasedriskofmelanomaoftheskin(0.43,0.35–0.54)and localprostatecancers(0.79,0.74–0.85).Womenwiththele