Effects of Spatial Subsidies and Habitat Structure on the Foraging Ecology and Size of Geckos 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Effects of Spatial Subsidies and Habitat Structure on the Foraging Ecology and Size of Geckos 英文参考文献.doc

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Effects of Spatial Subsidies and Habitat Structure on the Foraging Ecology and Size of Geckos 英文参考文献

EffectsofSpatialSubsidiesandHabitatStructureonthe ForagingEcologyandSizeofGeckos AmyA.Briggs1.,HillaryS.Young1*a.,DouglasJ.McCauley1¤b,StacieA.Hathaway2,RodolfoDirzo1, ¤ RobertN.Fisher2 1DepartmentofBiology,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2WesternEcologicalResearchCenter,U.S.GeologicalSurvey,SanDiegoField Station,SanDiego,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract While it is well established that ecosystem subsidies—the addition of energy, nutrients, or materials across ecosystem boundaries—canaffectconsumerabundance,thereislessinformationavailableonhowsubsidylevelsmayaffectconsumer diet,bodycondition,trophicposition,andresourcepartitioningamongconsumerspecies.Thereisalsolittleinformationon whetherchangesinvegetationstructurecommonlyassociatedwithspatialvariationinsubsidiesmayplayanimportant roleindrivingconsumerresponsestosubsidies.Toaddresstheseknowledgegaps,westudiedchangesinabundance,diet, trophic position, size, and body condition of two congeneric gecko species (Lepidodactylus spp.) that coexist in palm dominatedandnative(hereafterdicotdominated)forestsacrosstheCentralPacific.Theseforestsdifferstronglybothinthe amountofmarinesubsidiesthattheyreceivefromseabirdguanoandcarcasses,andinthephysicalstructureofthehabitat. Contrarytootherstudies,wefoundthatsubsidylevelhadnoimpactontheabundanceofeithergeckospecies;italsodid not have any apparent effects on resource partitioning between species. However, it did affect body size, dietary composition, and trophic position of both species. Geckos in subsidized, dicot forests were larger, had higher body conditionandmorediversediets,andoccupiedamuchhighertrophicpositionthangeckosfoundinpalmdominated,low subsidylevelforests.Bothdirectvariationinsubsidylevelsandassociatedchangesinhabitatstructureappeartoplayarole indrivingtheseresponses.Theseresultssuggestthatvariationinsubsidylevelsmaydriveimportantbehavioralresponses inpredators,evenwhentheirnumericalresponseislimited.Strongchangesintrophicpos