Environment, Migratory Tendency, Phylogeny and Basal Metabolic Rate in Birds 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Environment, Migratory Tendency, Phylogeny and Basal Metabolic Rate in Birds 英文参考文献.doc

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Environment, Migratory Tendency, Phylogeny and Basal Metabolic Rate in Birds 英文参考文献

Environment,MigratoryTendency,PhylogenyandBasal MetabolicRateinBirds WalterJetz1*,RobertP.Freckleton2,AndrewE.McKechnie3 1DivisionofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofCaliforniaSanDiego,LaJolla,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DepartmentofAnimalandPlantSciences,Universityof Sheffield,Sheffield,UnitedKingdom,3DST/NRFCentreofExcellenceatthePercyFitzPatrickInstitute,DepartmentofZoologyandEntomology,UniversityofPretoria, Pretoria,SouthAfrica Abstract Basal metabolic rate (BMR) represents the minimum maintenance energy requirement of an endotherm and has far- reachingconsequencesforinteractionsbetweenanimalsandtheirenvironments.AvianBMRexhibitsconsiderablevariation that is independent of body mass. Some long-distance migrants have been found to exhibit particularly high BMR, traditionallyinterpretedasbeingrelatedtotheenergeticdemandsoflong-distancemigration.Hereweuseaglobaldataset toevaluatedifferencesinBMRbetweenmigrantsandnon-migrants,andtoexaminetheeffectsofenvironmentalvariables. The BMR of migrant species is significantly higher than that of non-migrants. Intriguingly, while the elevated BMR of migrants on their breeding grounds may reflect the metabolic machinery required for long-distance movements, an alternative(andstatisticallystronger)explanationistheiroccupationofpredominantlycoldhigh-latitudebreedingareas. Among several environmental predictors, average annual temperature has the strongest effect on BMR, with a 50% reduction associated with a 20uC gradient. The negative effects of temperature variables on BMR hold separately for migrants and non-migrants and are not due their different climatic associations. BMR in migrants shows a much lower degreeofphylogeneticinertia.Ourfindingsindicatethatmigratorytendencyneednotnecessarilybeinvokedtoexplain thehigherBMRofmigrants.Aweakerphylogeneticsignalobservedinmigrantssupportsthenotionofstrongphenotypic flexibilityinthisgroupwhichfacilitatesmigration-relatedBMRadjustmentsthatoccuraboveandbeyondenvironmental condition