Establishment Failure in Biological Invasions A Case History of Littorina littorea in California, USA 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Establishment Failure in Biological Invasions A Case History of Littorina littorea in California, USA 英文参考文献.doc

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Establishment Failure in Biological Invasions A Case History of Littorina littorea in California, USA 英文参考文献

EstablishmentFailureinBiologicalInvasions:ACase HistoryofLittorinalittoreainCalifornia,USA AndrewL.Chang*,AprilM.H.Blakeslee,A.WhitmanMiller,GregoryM.Ruiz SmithsonianEnvironmentalResearchCenter,Edgewater,Maryland,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: The early stages of biological invasions are rarely observed, but can provide significant insight into the invasionprocessaswellastheinfluencevectorshaveoninvasionsuccessorfailure. Methodology/Principal Findings: We characterized three newly discovered populations of an introduced gastropod, Littorinalittorea(Linne′,1758),inCalifornia,USA,comparingthemtopotentialsourcepopulationsinnativeEuropeandthe NorthAmericanEastCoast,wherethesnailisalsointroduced.Demographicsurveyswereusedtoassessspatialdistribution and sizes of the snail in San Francisco and Anaheim Bays, California. Mitochondrial DNA was sequenced and compared amongthesenascentpopulations,andvariouspopulationsfromtheNorthAmericanEastCoastandEurope,tocharacterize the California populations and ascertain their likely source. Demographic and genetic data were considered together to deduce likely vectors for the California populations. We found that the three large California L. littorea populations contained only adult snails and had unexpectedly high genetic diversity rather than showing an extreme bottleneck as typically expected in recent introductions. Haplotype diversity in Californian populations was significantly reduced comparedtoEuropeanpopulations,butnotcomparedtoEastCoastpopulations.Geneticanalysesclearlysuggestedthe EastCoastasthesourceregionfortheCaliforniaintroductions. ConclusionsandSignificance:TheCaliforniaL.littoreapopulationswereatanearly,non-establishedphaseofinvasionwith noevidenceofrecruitment.Theliveseafoodtradeisthemostlikelyinvasionvectorforthesepopulations,asitpreferentially transports large numbers of adult L. littorea, matching the demographic structure of the introduced California L. littorea populations. Ourresultshighlightconti