Ethanol Seeking by Long Evans Rats Is Not Always a Goal-Directed Behavior 英文参考文献.docVIP

EthanolSeekingbyLongEvansRatsIsNotAlwaysa Goal-DirectedBehavior ReginaA.Mangieri*,RobertoU.Cofres?′,RuebenA.Gonzales CollegeofPharmacy,DivisionofPharmacologyandToxicology,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,Texas,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: Two parallel and interacting processes are said to underlie animal behavior, whereby learning and performanceofabehaviorisatfirstviaconsciousanddeliberate(goal-directed)processes,butafterinitialacquisition,the behaviorcanbecomeautomaticandstimulus-elicited(habitual).Withrespecttoinstrumentalbehaviors,animallearning studies suggest that the duration of training and the action-outcome contingency are two factors involved in the emergence of habitual seeking of ‘‘natural’’ reinforcers (e.g., sweet solutions, food or sucrose pellets). To rigorously test whether behaviors reinforced by abused substances such as ethanol, in particular, similarly become habitual was the primaryaimofthisstudy. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:MaleLongEvansratsunderwentextendedorlimitedoperantleverpresstrainingwith 10%sucrose/10%ethanol(10S10E)reinforcement(variableinterval(VI)or(VR)ratioscheduleofreinforcement),orwith10% sucrose (10S) reinforcement (VI schedule only). Once training and pretesting were complete, the impact of outcome devaluationonoperantbehaviorwasevaluatedafterlithiumchlorideinjectionswerepairedwiththereinforcer,orunpaired 24hourslater.Afterlimited,butnotextendedinstrumentaltraining,leverpressingbygroupstrainedunderVRwith10S10E andunderVIwith10Swassensitivetooutcomedevaluation.Incontrast, respondingbyboththeextendedandlimited training10S10EVIgroupswasnotsensitivetoethanoldevaluationduringthetestforhabitualbehavior. Conclusions/Significance:Operantbehaviorbyratstrainedtoself-administeranethanol-sucrosesolutionshowedvariable sensitivitytoachangeinthevalueofethanol,withrelativeinsensitivitydevelopingsoonerinanimalsthatreceivedtime- variable ethanol reinforcement during training sessions. One important implication, with r