Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research 英文参考文献.docVIP

Overview EthicalandScientificConsiderationsRegardingAnimal TestingandResearch HopeR.Ferdowsian1,2*,NancyBeck1 1Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America, 2Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington,D.C.,UnitedStatesofAmerica In 1959, William Russell and Rex Burch published the seminal book, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, which emphasized reduction, refinement, andreplacementofanimaluse,principles which have since been referred to as the ‘‘3 Rs’’. These principles encouraged researcherstoworktoreducethenumber of animals used in experiments to the minimum considered necessary, refine or limit the pain and distress to which animals are exposed, and replace the use of animals with non-animal alternatives minimum considered necessary, refine or limit the pain and distress to which animals are exposed, and replace the use of animals with non-animal alternatives whenpossible. addition, serious questions have been raised about the effectiveness of animal testing and research in predicting antici- patedoutcomes[5–13]. In August 2010, the Georgetown Uni- versity Kennedy Institute of Ethics, the JohnsHopkinsUniversityCenterforAlter- nativestoAnimalTesting,theInstitutefor InVitroSciences,TheGeorgeWashington University, and the Physicians Committee forResponsibleMedicinejointlyheldatwo daymulti-disciplinary,internationalconfer- ence in Washington, DC, to address the scientific, legal, and political opportunities andchallengestoimplementingalternatives to animal research. This two-day sympo- sium aimed to advance the study of the ethicalandscientificissuessurroundingthe useofanimalsintestingandresearch,with particular emphasis on the adequacy of current protections and the promise and challengesofdevelopingalternativestothe use of animals in basic research, pharma- ceutical research and development, and regulatory toxicology. Speakers who con- tributed to the conference reviewed