Evaluating Drug Prices, Availability, Affordability, and Price Components Implications for Access to Drugs in Malaysia 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Evaluating Drug Prices, Availability, Affordability, and Price Components Implications for Access to Drugs in Malaysia 英文参考文献.doc

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Evaluating Drug Prices, Availability, Affordability, and Price Components Implications for Access to Drugs in Malaysia 英文参考文献

o PL SMEDICINE EvaluatingDrugPrices,Availability, Affordability,andPriceComponents: ImplicationsforAccesstoDrugsinMalaysia Zaheer Ud Din Babar1*,Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim1,Harpal Singh2,Nadeem Irfan Bukahri3,Andrew Creese4 1DisciplineofSocialandAdministrativePharmacy, SchoolofPharmaceuticalSciences,UniversitiSainsMalaysia,Penang,Malaysia, 2SchoolofPharmaceuticalSciences, UniversityCollegeSedayaInternational,KualaLumpur,Malaysia,3SchoolofPharmacy,InternationalMedicalUniversity,KualaLumpur,Malaysia,4LaGrille,LesVentesde Bourse,France Funding:Financialsupporttocarry outthisworkwasgrantedbyHealth ActionInternational.Theprojectwas endorsedbytheWorldHealth Organization.Thefundershadno roleinstudydesign,datacollection andanalysis,decisiontopublish,or preparationofthemanuscript. ABSTRACT Background Malaysia’sstablehealthcaresystemisfacingchallengeswithincreasingmedicinecosts.To investigate these issues a survey was carried out to evaluate medicine prices, availability, affordability,andthestructureofpricecomponents. CompetingInterests:Theauthors havedeclaredthatnocompeting interestsexist. MethodsandFindings AcademicEditor:KenHarvey,La TrobeUniversityMelbourne, Australia The methodology developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Health Action International(HAI)wasused.Priceandavailabilitydatafor48medicineswascollectedfrom20 public sector facilities, 32 private sector retail pharmacies and 20 dispensing doctors in four geographical regions of West Malaysia. Medicine prices were compared with international reference prices (IRPs) to obtain a median price ratio. The daily wage of the lowest paid unskilled government worker was used to gauge the affordability of medicines. Price componentdatawerecollectedthroughoutthesupplychain,andmarkups,taxes,andother distribution costs were identified. In private pharmacies, innovator brand (IB) prices were 16 timeshigherthantheIRPs,whilegenericswere6.6timeshigher.Indispensingdoctorclinics, thefigureswere15timeshigher