Exercise and Health Can Biotechnology Confer Similar Benefits 英文参考文献.docVIP

Open access, freely available online Research in Translation Exercise and Health: Can Biotechnology Confer Similar Bene? ts? R. Sanders Williams*, William E. Kraus Health Bene?ts of Physical Activity health bene?ts (e.g., treatment of dyslipidemia [13], control of body weight [14], or prevention of diabetes [15]). In addition, an understanding of the molecular signaling events that drive the bene?cial effects of exercise on human physiology could foster the development of novel drugs, devices, or biological agents designed to substitute for exercise. Many individuals who otherwise would develop diabetes or cardiovascular disease would bene?t if advances in exercise biology revealed novel measures to promote the Regular physical activity has been recognized to confer health bene?ts since antiquity [1]. However, for most of humankind, voluntary discretion over whether or not to exercise is a recent phenomenon limited to advanced industrialized societies. A large body of epidemiological literature consistently documents greater longevity in persons who are physically active on a near-daily basis, and reveals inverse relationships between levels of daily exercise and incidence of major chronic disorders such as obesity [2], hypertension [3], diabetes [4], ischemic heart disease, and all causes of mortality [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. From a public health perspective, there is little question that even modest increases in daily activities such as walking or stair climbing would have important positive consequences in reducing the burden of illness. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020068.g001 Figure 1. Specialized Myo? bers in a Mammalian Skeletal Muscle A cross-section of the gastrocnemius muscle of a mouse has been stained to detect myoglobin, which is found selectively in slow oxidative and fast oxidative myo? bers (stained brown), but not in fast glycolytic myo? bers (unstained). Human muscles exhibit a similar mosaic pattern. In response to sustained periods of