Evolution of Gigantism in Amphiumid Salamanders 英文参考文献.docVIP

EvolutionofGigantisminAmphiumidSalamanders RonaldM.Bonett1,2*,PaulT.Chippindale3,PaulE.Moler4,R.WayneVanDevender5,DavidB.Wake2 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States ofAmerica, 2Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department ofIntegrative Biology,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofTexasatArlington,Arlington,Texas,UnitedStatesof America, 4Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, 5Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone,NorthCarolina,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract The Amphiumidaecontains threespecies of elongate,permanently aquatic salamanders with four diminutive limbsthat appendone,two,orthreetoes.Twoofthespecies,AmphiumameansandA.tridactylum,areamongthelargestsalamanders intheworld,reachinglengthsofmorethanonemeter,whereasthethirdspecies(A.pholeter),extinctamphiumids,and closelyrelatedsalamanderfamiliesarerelativelysmall.AmphiumameansandA.tridactylumarewidespreadspeciesandlive inawiderangeoflowlandaquatichabitatsontheCoastalPlainofthesoutheasternUnitedStates,whereasA.pholeteris restrictedtoveryspecializedorganicmuckhabitatsandissyntopicwithA.means.Herewepresentanalysesofsequencesof mitochondrialandnuclearlocifromacrossthedistributionofthethreetaxatoassesslineagediversity,relationships,and relativetimingofdivergenceinamphiumidsalamanders.Inadditionweanalyzetheevolutionofgigantismintheclade.Our analyses indicate three lineages that have diverged since the late Miocene, that correspond to the three currently recognizedspecies,butthetwogiganticspeciesarenoteachother’sclosestrelatives.Giventhatthemostcloselyrelated salamander families and fossil amphiumids from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene are relatively small, our results suggestatleasttwoextremechangesinbodysizewithintheAmphuimidae.Giganticbodysizeeitherevolvedonceasthe ancestral condition of modern amphiumas, with a subsequent