Evolution of Genetic Potential 英文参考文献.docVIP

EvolutionofGeneticPotential Lauren Ancel Meyers1,2*,Fredric D.Ancel3,Michael Lachmann4 1SectionofIntegrativeBiology,InstituteforCellularandMolecularBiology,UniversityofTexas,Austin,Texas,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2SantaFeInstitute,SantaFe,New Mexico,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofMathematicalSciences,UniversityofWisconsin,Milwaukee,Wisconsin,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4MaxPlanckInstitute forEvolutionaryAnthropology,Leipzig,Germany Organismsemployamultitudeofstrategiestocopewiththedynamicalenvironmentsinwhichtheylive.Homeostasis and physiological plasticity buffer changes within the lifetime of an organism, while stochastic developmental programs and hypermutability track changes on longer timescales. An alternative long-term mechanism is ‘‘genetic potential’’—aheightenedsensitivitytotheeffectsofmutationthatfacilitatesrapidevolutiontonovelstates.Usinga transparent mathematical model, we illustrate the concept of genetic potential and show that as environmental variabilitydecreases,theevolvingpopulationreachesthreedistinctsteadystateconditions:(1)organismalflexibility, (2)geneticpotential,and(3)geneticrobustness.Asaspecificexampleofthisconceptweexaminefluctuatingselection forhydrophobicityinasingleaminoacid.Weseethesamethreestages,suggestingthatenvironmentalfluctuations canproducealleledistributionsthataredistinctnotonlyfromthosefoundunderconstantconditions,butalsofrom thetransientalleledistributionsthatariseunderisolatedselectivesweeps. Citation:MeyersLA,AncelFD,LachmannM(2005)Evolutionofgeneticpotential.PLoSCompBiol1(3):e32. favoredphenotypeinfavorofacurrentlyfavoredphenotype. This evolutionary transformation—from a trait that is Introduction Recent work in evolutionary biology has highlighted the degeneracy of the relationship between genes and traits [1]. For any particular trait value, there will exist a large set of genotypes that give rise to that value. A mutation from one such genotype to another will be neutral, having no noticeable impact on the physiolo