Extracellular and Mixotrophic Symbiosis in the Whale-Fall Mussel Adipicola pacifica A Trend in Evolution from Extra- to Intracellular Symbiosis 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Extracellular and Mixotrophic Symbiosis in the Whale-Fall Mussel Adipicola pacifica A Trend in Evolution from Extra- to Intracellular Symbiosis 英文参考文献.doc

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Extracellular and Mixotrophic Symbiosis in the Whale-Fall Mussel Adipicola pacifica A Trend in Evolution from Extra- to Intracellular Symbiosis 英文参考文献

ExtracellularandMixotrophicSymbiosisintheWhale- FallMusselAdipicolapacifica:ATrendinEvolutionfrom Extra-toIntracellularSymbiosis YoshihiroFujiwara1*,MasaruKawato1,ChikayoNoda2,GinKinoshita3,ToshiroYamanaka4 ,Yuko Fujita5,KatsuyukiUematsu6,Jun-IchiMiyazaki7 1Chemo-EcosystemEvolutionResearch(ChEER)Team,JapanAgencyforMarine-EarthScienceandTechnology,Yokosuka,Japan,2KeikyuAburatsuboMarinePark,Miura, Japan, 3Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan, 4Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University,Okayama,Japan,5GraduateSchoolofLifeandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofTsukuba,Tsukuba,Japan,6DepartmentofTechnicalServices,Marine WorkJapanLtd.,Yokosuka,Japan,7FacultyofEducationandHumanSciences,UniversityofYamanashi,Kofu,Japan Abstract Background:Deep-seamusselsharboringchemoautotrophicsymbiontsfromhydrothermalventsandseepsareassumed tohaveevolvedfromshallow-waterasymbioticrelativesbywayofbiogenicreducingenvironmentssuchassunkenwood andwhalefalls.Suchsymbioticassociationshavebeenwellcharacterizedinmusselscollectedfromvents,seepsandsunken woodbutinonlyafewfromwhalefalls. Methodology/PrincipalFinding:Herewereportsymbiosesinthegilltissuesoftwomussels,AdipicolacryptaandAdipicola pacifica,collectedfromwhale-fallsonthecontinentalshelfinthenorthwesternPacific.Themolecular,morphologicaland stable isotopic characteristics of bacterial symbionts were analyzed. A single phylotype of thioautotrophic bacteria was found in A. crypta gill tissue and two distinct phylotypes of bacteria (referred to as Symbiont A and Symbiont C) in A. pacifica.SymbiontAandtheA.cryptasymbiontwereaffiliatedwiththioautotrophicsymbiontsofbathymodiolinmussels from deep-sea reducing environments, while Symbiont C was closely related to free-living heterotrophic bacteria. The symbiontsinA.cryptawereintracellularwithinepithelialcellsoftheapicalregionofthegillsandwereextracellularinA. pacifica.Nospatialpartitioningwasobservedbetweenthetwophylotypesi