Filament Depolymerization Can Explain Chromosome Pulling during Bacterial Mitosis 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Filament Depolymerization Can Explain Chromosome Pulling during Bacterial Mitosis 英文参考文献.doc

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Filament Depolymerization Can Explain Chromosome Pulling during Bacterial Mitosis 英文参考文献

FilamentDepolymerizationCanExplainChromosome PullingduringBacterialMitosis EdwardJ.Banigan1,MichaelA.Gelbart2,3,ZemerGitai4,NedS.Wingreen4*,AndreaJ.Liu1* 1Department ofPhysics andAstronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, United States ofAmerica, 2Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University,Boston,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofPhysics,PrincetonUniversity,Princeton,NewJersey,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4Department ofMolecularBiology,PrincetonUniversity,Princeton,NewJersey,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Chromosome segregation is fundamental to all cells, but the force-generating mechanisms underlying chromosome translocation in bacteria remain mysterious. Caulobacter crescentus utilizes a depolymerization-driven process in which a ParA protein structure elongates from the new cell pole, binds to a ParB-decorated chromosome, and then retracts via disassembly, pulling the chromosome across the cell. This poses the question of how a depolymerizing structure can robustlypullthechromosomethatdisassemblesit.WeperformBrowniandynamicssimulationswithasimple,physically consistent model of the ParABS system. The simulations suggest that the mechanism of translocation is ‘‘self- diffusiophoretic’’:bydisassemblingParA,ParBgeneratesaParAconcentrationgradientsothattheParAconcentrationis higherinfrontofthechromosomethanbehindit.SincethechromosomeisattractedtoParAviaParB,itmovesuptheParA gradientandacrossthecell.WefindthattranslocationismostrobustwhenParBbindsside-ontoParAfilaments.Inthis case, robust translocation occurs over awide parameter range and is controlled by a single dimensionless quantity: the productoftherateofParAdisassemblyandacharacteristicrelaxationtimeofthechromosome.Thistimescalemeasures the time it takes for the chromosome to recover its average shape after it is has been pulled. Our results suggest explanationsforobservedphenomenasuchassegregationfailure,filament-length-dependenttranslocationvelocity,and chromosomalcom