Fish and Chips A Fast Track to Understanding Blood Development 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Fish and Chips A Fast Track to Understanding Blood Development 英文参考文献.doc

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Fish and Chips A Fast Track to Understanding Blood Development 英文参考文献

Open access, freely available online Synopses of Research Articles Space Matters: Estimating Species Diversity in the Fossil Record DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030286 To get a sense of the challenges in measuring biodiversity, consider this: estimates for the number of living species on earth range from 3.5 million to over 30 million. Only 1.9 million species have been classi?ed and described. (Of these, 15,589 currently face extinction.) Now imagine trying to calculate patterns of biodiversity through the paleontological record. One tool ecologists rely on to identify patterns of biological diversity is a long-established rule of thumb called the species–area effect: the tendency for species number, or richness, to increase in a regular way with area. Paleontologists typically have been unable to apply the species–area rule in estimating paleodiversity and instead use species counts for a given time interval to calculate historical biodiversity, with the assumption that other sampling considerations override the species–area effect. In a new study, Anthony Barnosky, Marc Carrasco, and Edward Davis test this assumption and discover that the golden rule of ecology holds for the rock record as well. Just as geographic sampling in?uences diversity counts in the modern landscape, the species–area effect with fossil datasets, called the Miocene Mammal Mapping Project (MIOMAP). MIOMAP includes all western North American mammals from 5–30 million years ago—3,100 localities and 14,000 occurrences of species in all. The authors ?rst tested the fossil data for species–area effects with species from a time period with robust geographic data (the Early Barstovian, about 14.8–15.9 million years ago).They plotted species richness against geographic area, using what’s known as nested sets of fauna (species that occur in a smaller area represent a subset of species in a larger area) by starting with one biogeographic region and successively adding species from others.They also