Functional Dorsoventral Symmetry in Relation to Lift-Based Swimming in the Ocean Sunfish Mola mola 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Functional Dorsoventral Symmetry in Relation to Lift-Based Swimming in the Ocean Sunfish Mola mola 英文参考文献.doc

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Functional Dorsoventral Symmetry in Relation to Lift-Based Swimming in the Ocean Sunfish Mola mola 英文参考文献

FunctionalDorsoventralSymmetryinRelationtoLift- BasedSwimmingintheOceanSunfishMolamola YuukiWatanabe1,2*,KatsufumiSato1 1InternationalCoastalResearchCenter,OceanResearchInstitute,TheUniversityofTokyo,Otsuchi,Iwate,Japan,2NationalInstituteofPolarResearch,Itabashi,Tokyo, Japan Abstract Thelargest(upto2tons)andaglobally distributedteleost—theoceansunfish Molamola—iscommonly regardedasa planktonicfishbecauseofitsunusualshapeincludingabsenceofcaudalfin.Thiscommonviewwasrecentlyquestioned becausethehorizontalmovementsoftheoceansunfishtrackedbyacoustictelemetrywereindependentofoceancurrents. However,directinformationregardingtheirlocomotorperformanceundernaturalconditionsisstilllacking.Byusingmulti- sensortags,weshowthatsunfishindeedswamcontinuouslywithfrequentverticalmovementsatspeedsof0.4–0.7ms–1, which is similar to the records of other large fishes such as salmons, marlins, and pelagic sharks. The acceleration data revealedthattheystrokedtheirdorsalandanalfinssynchronously(dominantfrequency,0.3–0.6Hz)togeneratealift-based thrust,aspenguinsdousingtwosymmetricalflippers.Morphologicalstudiesofsunfish(mass,2–959kg)showedthatthe dorsalandanalfinshadsimilarexternal(symmetricalshapeandidenticalarea)andinternal(identicallocomotorymuscle mass)features;however,themuscleshapedifferedmarkedly.Weconcludethatoceansunfishhavefunctionaldorsoventral symmetrywithregardstothenon-homologousdorsalandanalfinsthatactasapairofverticalhydrofoils.Althoughsunfish lack a swimbladder, we found that they are neutrally buoyant independent of depth because of their subcutaneous gelatinous tissue that has low density and is incompressible. Efficient lift-based swimming in conjunction with neutral buoyancyenablessunfishtotravellongdistancesbothhorizontallyandvertically. Citation:WatanabeY,SatoK(2008)FunctionalDorsoventralSymmetryinRelationtoLift-BasedSwimmingintheOceanSunfishMolamola.PLoSONE3(10): e3446.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003446 Editor:StuartHumphries,UniversityofSheffield,UnitedKingdom