Functional Relationship between Skull Form and Feeding Mechanics in Sphenodon, and Implications for Diapsid Skull Development 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Functional Relationship between Skull Form and Feeding Mechanics in Sphenodon, and Implications for Diapsid Skull Development 英文参考文献.doc

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Functional Relationship between Skull Form and Feeding Mechanics in Sphenodon, and Implications for Diapsid Skull Development 英文参考文献

FunctionalRelationshipbetweenSkullFormand FeedingMechanicsinSphenodon,andImplicationsfor DiapsidSkullDevelopment NeilCurtis1*,MarcE.H.Jones2,JunfenShi1,PaulO’Higgins3,SusanE.Evans2,MichaelJ.Fagan1 1Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, Department of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom, 2Research Department of Cell and DevelopmentalBiology,UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom,3Hull-YorkMedicalSchool,UniversityofYork,York,UnitedKingdom Abstract Thevertebrateskullevolvedtoprotectthebrainandsenseorgans,butwiththeappearanceofjawsandassociatedforces there was a remarkable structural diversification. This suggests that the evolution of skull form may be linked to these forces,butanimportantareaofdebateiswhetherboneintheskullisminimisedwithrespecttotheseforces,orwhether skulls aremechanically ‘‘over-designed’’ andconstrained by phylogeny anddevelopment. Mechanicalanalysis of diapsid reptileskullscouldshedlightonthislongstandingdebate.Comparedtothoseofmammals,theskullsofmanyextantand extinctdiapsidscompriseanopenframeworkoffenestrae(window-likeopenings)separatedbybonystruts(e.g.,lizards, tuatara,dinosaursandcrocodiles),acranialformthoughttobestronglylinkedtofeedingforces.Weinvestigatedthislink byutilisingthepowerfulengineeringapproachofmultibodydynamicsanalysistopredictthephysiologicalforcesactingon theskullofthediapsidreptileSphenodon.Wethenranaseriesofstructuralfiniteelementanalysestoassessthecorrelation betweenbonestrainandskullform.WithcomprehensiveloadingwefoundthatthedistributionofpeakvonMisesstrains was particularly uniform throughout the skull, although specific regions were dominated by tensile strains while others were dominated by compressive strains. Our analyses suggest that the frame-like skulls of diapsid reptiles are probably optimally formed (mechanically ideal: sufficient strength with the minimal amount of bone) with respect to functional forces;theyareefficientintermsofhavingminimalbonevolume,minimalweight,andalsomin