Gaps in Border Controls Are Related to Quarantine Alien Insect Invasions in Europe 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Gaps in Border Controls Are Related to Quarantine Alien Insect Invasions in Europe 英文参考文献.doc

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Gaps in Border Controls Are Related to Quarantine Alien Insect Invasions in Europe 英文参考文献

GapsinBorderControlsAreRelatedtoQuarantineAlien InsectInvasionsinEurope StevenJamesBacon1*,SvenBacher2,AlexandreAebi1¤ 1Biodiversity and Environmental Management, Agroscope Reckenholz-Ta¨nikon ART, Zu¨rich, Switzerland, 2Ecologie et Evolution, Universite′ de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland Abstract Alieninsectsareincreasinglybeingdispersedaroundtheworldthroughinternationaltrade,causingamultitudeofnegative environmental impacts and billions of dollars in economic losses annually. Border controls form the last line of defense againstinvasions,wherebyinspectorsaimtointerceptandstopconsignmentsthatarecontaminatedwithharmfulalien insects.InEurope,memberstatesdependononeanothertopreventinsectintroductionsbyoperatingafirstpointofentry rule – controlling goods only when they initially enter the continent. However, ensuring consistency between border controlpointsisdifficultbecausethereexistsnooptimalinspectionstrategy.Forthefirsttime,wedevelopedamethodto quantifythevolumeofagriculturaltradethatshouldbeinspectedforquarantineinsectsatbordercontrolpointsinEurope, basedonglobalagriculturaltradeofover100milliondistinctorigin-commodity-species-destinationpathways.Thismetric was then used to evaluate the performance of existing border controls, as measured by border interception results in Europe between 2003 and 2007. Alarmingly, we found significant gaps between the trade pathways that should be inspectedandactualnumberofinterceptions.Moreover,manyofthemostlikelyintroductionpathwaysyieldednoneor veryfewinsectinterceptions,becauseregularinterceptionsareonlymadeononlyanarrowrangeofpathways.European countrieswithgapsinbordercontrolshavebeeninvadedbyhighernumbersofquarantinealieninsectspecies,indicating theimportanceofproperinspectionstopreventinsectinvasions.Equippedwithanoptimalinspectionstrategybasedon theunderlyingrisksoftrade,authoritiesgloballywillbeabletoimplementmoreeffectiveandconsistentbordercontrols. Citation: Bacon SJ, Bacher S, Aebi A (2012) Gaps in Border Controls Are