Gene Family Evolution across 12 Drosophila Genomes 英文参考文献.docVIP

GeneFamilyEvolution across12DrosophilaGenomes Matthew W. Hahn1,2*,Mira V.Han2,Sang-Gook Han2 1DepartmentofBiology,IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,Indiana,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2SchoolofInformatics,IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,Indiana,UnitedStates ofAmerica Comparisonofwholegenomeshasrevealedlargeandfrequentchangesinthesizeofgenefamilies.Thesechanges occurbecauseofhighratesofbothgenegain(viaduplication)andloss(viadeletionorpseudogenization),aswellas theevolutionofentirelynewgenes.Hereweusethegenomesof12fullysequencedDrosophilaspeciestostudythe gainandlossofgenesatunprecedentedresolution.Wefindlargenumbersofbothgainsandlosses,withover40%of allgenefamiliesdifferinginsizeamongtheDrosophila.Approximately17genesareestimatedtobeduplicatedand fixedinagenomeeverymillionyears,arateonparwiththatpreviouslyfoundinbothyeastandmammals.Wefind manyinstancesofextremeexpansionsorcontractionsinthesizeofgenefamilies,includingtheexpansionofseveral sex- and spermatogenesis-related families in D. melanogaster that also evolve under positive selection at the nucleotide level. Newly evolved gene families in our dataset are associated with a class of testes-expressed genes knowntohaveevolveddenovoinanumberofcases.Genefamilycomparisonsalsoallowustoidentifyanumberof annotated D. melanogaster genes that are unlikely to encode functional proteins, as well as to identify dozens of previouslyunannotatedD.melanogastergeneswithconservedhomologsintheotherDrosophila.Takentogether,our results demonstrate that the apparent stasis in total gene number among species has masked rapid turnover in individual gene gain and loss. It is likely that this genomic revolving door has played a large role in shaping the morphological,physiological,andmetabolicdifferencesamongspecies. Citation:HahnMW,HanMV,HanSG(2007)Genefamilyevolutionacross12Drosophilagenomes.PLoSGenet3(11):e197.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030197 that genes may be lost along a lineage when disabling mutationsinthemarenotselectedagainst.Suchgenelosse