Grand Challenges in Global Health Engaging Civil Society Organizations in Biomedical Research in Developing Countries 英文参考文献.docVIP

Policy Forum Grand Challenges in Global Health: Engaging Civil Society Organizations in Biomedical Research in Developing Countries * Anant Bhan , Jerome A. Singh, Ross E. G. Upshur, Peter A. Singer, Abdallah S. Daar with communities and CSOs, and being sensitive to their respective needs and perceptions. In October 2005 the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation announced an approximately US$450 million sponsorship of 44 innovative projects under the auspices of its Grand Challenges in Global Health (GCGH) initiative. As described in the opening article in this series, we serve as an advisory service on ethical, social, and cultural (ESC) issues for these projects [8]. We are exploring a range of ESC issues identi?ed by the GCGH investigators and independently by developing world key informants in a study published as the second paper in this series [9]. The investigators and key informants placed particular emphasis on the importance of which is involved in health services provision throughout the country, has in recent years founded a university, including a public health school to train public health researchers and practitioners. CSOs can be divided into ?ve types: Nongovernmental organizations. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) work outside the direct control of governments. They can be as large as Médecins Sans Frontières or Greenpeace, or small and located in a single developing country village. C ivil society organizations (CSOs) are nonpro?t organizations that aim to further the interests of the communities they serve. Driven to protect and empower the vulnerable, CSOs work in areas such as community development, service provision, advocacy, activism, and research. Sanders and colleagues argue that CSOs are at the forefront of supporting innovations aimed at tackling today’s global public health challenges and that working with them plays a crucial role in making research relevant to communities [1]. While several publications have addressed the role of CSO