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Great Ape Genomes Offer Insight into Human Evolution 英文参考文献
Research Digest
Synopses of Research Articles
On the Brink: How Biology and Humans
Affect Extinction Risk
Close to a quarter of the world’s mammals are at high risk of
extinction. Save for the periodic“great extinctions,” mammalian
extinction has been a relatively rare event in geological terms,
with one species disappearing from the fossil record every
1,000 years or so. Over the past 400 years, species have been
disappearing 50 times faster than this“background”rate, with one
vanishing every sixteen years. Human population growth and all
its consequences—habitat destruction, propagation of invasive
species, poaching—are largely to blame.Top predators often
suffer heavily from encounters with humans, especially when
those predators are perceived as economic threats.Thirty-four
Mexican gray wolves have been reintroduced in Arizona since
1998, and ?ve have been shot, reportedly by ranchers.
Species in the most densely populated areas are expected
to face the greatest risk, yet some survive while others perish,
suggesting biological factors play a role in their fate. If, for
example, the same external force drastically reduces populations
of species with different biological pro?les, then a species with
a relatively short gestation period may stand a better chance of
recovering than a long-gestating species.
The IUCN lists lions as vulnerable. Photo, with permission, by
Nicky Jenner, Institute of Zoology, London.
While it’s possible that the direct effects of human population
density are past—that is, species most sensitive to human
incursions are already gone—human population density likely
modulates biology.That might explain why gestation length
didn’t predict risk for species living in sparsely populated areas—
all else being equal, their numbers remained relatively stable. A
species with a small population forebodes a high extinction risk
regardless of human density, though species with long gestation
periods, again, face greater danger in the company of human
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