Mediterranean Species of Caulerpa Are Polyploid with Smaller Genomes in the Invasive Ones 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Mediterranean Species of Caulerpa Are Polyploid with Smaller Genomes in the Invasive Ones 英文参考文献.doc

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Mediterranean Species of Caulerpa Are Polyploid with Smaller Genomes in the Invasive Ones 英文参考文献

MediterraneanSpeciesofCaulerpaArePolyploidwith SmallerGenomesintheInvasiveOnes ElenaVarela-Alvarez1*,AmeliaGo′mezGarreta2,JordiRullLluch2,NoemiSalvadorSoler3, ′ EsterA.Serrao1,Mar?′aAntoniaRiberaSigua′n2 1CCMAR,CIMAR–Laborato′rioAssociado,UniversidadedoAlgarve,Gambelas,Faro,Portugal,2LaboratorideBota`nica, FacultatdeFarma`cia, UniversitatdeBarcelona, Barcelona,Spain,3FacultaddeEducacio′n,UniversidadAuto′nomadeChile,Temuco,Chile Abstract Caulerpaspeciesaremarinegreenalgae,whichoftenactasinvasivespecieswithrapidclonalproliferationwhengrowing outsidetheirnativebiogeographicalborders.DespitemanypublicationsonthegeneticsandecologyofCaulerpaspecies, their life history and ploidy levels are still to be resolved and are the subject of large controversy. While some authors claimedthatthethallusfoundinnaturehasahaplodiplobionticlifecyclewithheteromorphicalternationofgenerations, otherauthorsclaimedadiploidorhaploidlifecyclewithonlyonegenerationinvolved.DAPI-stainingwithimageanalysis andmicrospectrophotometrywereusedtoestimaterelativenuclearDNAcontentsinthreespeciesofCaulerpafromthe Mediterranean,atindividual,populationandspecieslevels.Resultsshowthatploidylevelsandgenomesizevaryinthese threeCaulerpaspecies,withareductioningenomesizefortheinvasiveones.CaulerpaspeciesintheMediterraneanare polyploidsindifferentlifehistoryphases;allsampledC.taxifoliaandC.racemosavar.cylindraceawereinhaplophasicphase, butinC.prolifera,thenativespecies,individualswerefoundinbothdiplophasicandhaplophasicphases.Differentlevelsof endopolyploidy were found in both C. prolifera and C. racemosa var. cylindracea. Life history is elucidated for the MediterraneanC.proliferaanditishypothesizedthathaplophasicdominanceinC.racemosavar.cylindraceaandC.taxifolia isabeneficialtraitfortheirinvasivestrategies. Citation:Varela-A′lvarezE,Go′mezGarretaA,RullLluchJ,SalvadorSolerN,SerraoEA,etal.(2012)MediterraneanSpeciesofCaulerpaArePolyploidwithSmaller GenomesintheInvasiveOnes.PLoSONE7(10):e47728.doi:10.1371/j