Microarrays Highlight Tumor–Connective Tissue Interactions in Cancer Outcomes 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Microarrays Highlight Tumor–Connective Tissue Interactions in Cancer Outcomes 英文参考文献.doc

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Microarrays Highlight Tumor–Connective Tissue Interactions in Cancer Outcomes 英文参考文献

Open access, freely available online Synopses of Research Articles From Few to Many: New World Founded by Surprisingly Small Population DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030227 About 14,000 years ago—a few hundred thousand years after our putative modern forebears spread out from Africa—descendants of archaic humans crossed the Bering land bridge from Siberia to North America.Several lines of evidence support this model,but that’s where the consensus ends.The details remain hotly debated,focusing mostly on which Asian population migrated,when they did it,and whether they did it more than once. Part of the challenge in reconstructing this history stems from the dynamic nature of human populations—which experience unpredictable changes in size,composition,density,and mating patterns—and the dif?culty in interpreting genetic history.To get a better picture of the range of possible scenarios,scientists are using new statistical approaches that require computer simulations.Jody Hey now extends this approach in a novel method for the study of the origins of New World populations.Along with DNA analysis and computer simulations, Hey adds a new twist to an old model to reveal how the sizes of the ?rst New World populations have changed since they were founded.His results fall in line with archeological,genetic,and linguistic evidence,pointing to a relatively recent colonization of the Americas.But they go a step further by showing that the New World was colonized by a small population with an effective size of only about 70 individuals.(The effective size refers to the number of individuals likely to contribute genes to the next generation.) Hey’s approach addresses shortcomings in population genetic studies that rely on just one gene and that assume that population sizes have been constant over time.Studying levels of DNA sequence variation at a single genomic region,or loci,can offer insight into the history of that gene,but the stochastic nature of gene evolution mean