Monitoring Great Ape and Elephant Abundance at Large Spatial Scales Measuring Effectiveness of a Conservation Landscape 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Monitoring Great Ape and Elephant Abundance at Large Spatial Scales Measuring Effectiveness of a Conservation Landscape 英文参考文献.doc

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Monitoring Great Ape and Elephant Abundance at Large Spatial Scales Measuring Effectiveness of a Conservation Landscape 英文参考文献

MonitoringGreatApeandElephantAbundanceatLarge SpatialScales:MeasuringEffectivenessofaConservation Landscape EmmaJ.Stokes1*,SamanthaStrindberg1,ParfaitC.Bakabana2,PaulW.Elkan1,Fortune′ C.Iyenguet2, BolaMadzoke′2,GuyAime′ F.Malanda2,BriceS.Mowawa3,CalixteMoukoumbou4,FranckK. Ouakabadio2,HugoJ.Rainey1 1GlobalConservationProgram,WildlifeConservationSociety,NewYork,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2CongoProgram,WildlifeConservationSociety,Brazzaville, RepublicofCongo,3Ministe`redel’EconomieForestie`re, Brazzaville,RepublicofCongo,4Brazzaville,RepublicofCongo Abstract Protectedareasarefundamentaltobiodiversityconservation,butthereisgrowingrecognitionoftheneedtoextendbeyond protectedareastomeettheecologicalrequirementsofspeciesatlargerscales.Landscape-scaleconservationrequiresan evaluationofmanagementimpactonbiodiversityunderdifferentland-usestrategies;thisischallengingandthereexistfew empiricalstudies.InaconservationlandscapeinnorthernRepublicofCongowedemonstratetheapplicationofalarge-scale monitoringprogramdesignedtoevaluatetheimpactofconservationinterventionsonthreegloballythreatenedspecies: westerngorillas,chimpanzeesandforestelephants,underthreeland-usetypes:integralprotection,commerciallogging,and community-based natural resource management. We applied distance-sampling methods to examine species abundance acrossdifferentland-usetypesundervaryingdegreesofmanagementandhumandisturbance.Wefoundnocleartrendsin abundancebetweenland-usetypes.However,unitswithinterventionsdesignedtoreducepoachingandprotecthabitats- irrespectiveofland-usetype-harbouredallthreespeciesatconsistentlyhigherabundancethananeighbouringlogging concessionundergoingnowildlifemanagement.WeappliedGeneralized-AdditiveModelstoevaluateaprioripredictionsof species response to different landscape processes. Our results indicate that, given adequate protection from poaching, elephantsandgorillascanprofitfromherbaceousvegetationinrecentlyloggedforestsandmaintainaccesstoecologically important resource