Neanderthal Extinction by Competitive Exclusion 英文参考文献.docVIP

NeanderthalExtinctionbyCompetitiveExclusion WilliamE.Banks1*,Francescod’Errico1,2,A.TownsendPeterson3,MasaKageyama4,AdrianaSima4, Maria-FernandaSa′nchez-Gon?i5 1InstitutdePre′histoireetdeGe′ologie duQuaternaire,UMR5199-PACEA,Universite′ Bordeaux1,CNRS,Talence,France,2InstituteforHumanEvolution,Universityof Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,South Africa, 3Natural HistoryMuseum andBiodiversityResearchCenter, TheUniversity ofKansas, Lawrence,Kansas, United States of America,4LaboratoiredesSciencesduClimatetdel’Environnement/IPSL,UMR1572,CEA/CNRS/UVSQ,CESaclay,L’OrmedesMerisiers,Gif-sur-Yvette,France,5EPHE, UMR5805-EPOC,Universite′ Bordeaux1,CNRS,Talence,France Abstract Background:Despitealonghistoryofinvestigation,considerabledebaterevolvesaroundwhetherNeanderthalsbecame extinctbecauseofclimatechangeorcompetitionwithanatomicallymodernhumans(AMH). Methodology/Principal Findings: We apply a new methodology integrating archaeological and chronological data with high-resolution paleoclimatic simulations to define eco-cultural niches associated with Neanderthal and AMH adaptive systemsduringalternatingcoldandmildphasesofMarineIsotopeStage3.OurresultsindicatethatNeanderthalsandAMH exploitedsimilarniches,andmayhavecontinuedtodosointheabsenceofcontact. Conclusions/Significance: The southerly contraction of Neanderthal range in southwestern Europe during Greenland Interstadial8wasnotduetoclimatechangeorachangeinadaptation,butratherconcurrentAMHgeographicexpansion appearstohaveproducedcompetitionthatledtoNeanderthalextinction. Citation: Banks WE, d’Errico F, Peterson AT, Kageyama M, Sima A, et al. (2008) Neanderthal Extinction by Competitive Exclusion. PLoS ONE 3(12): e3972. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003972 Editor:HenryHarpending,UniversityofUtah,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedMay23,2008;AcceptedNovember19,2008;PublishedDecember24,2008 Copyright: ? 2008 Banks et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which per