No Evidence for Natural Selection on Endogenous Borna-Like Nucleoprotein Elements after the Divergence of Old World and New World Monkeys 英文参考文献.docVIP

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No Evidence for Natural Selection on Endogenous Borna-Like Nucleoprotein Elements after the Divergence of Old World and New World Monkeys 英文参考文献.doc

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No Evidence for Natural Selection on Endogenous Borna-Like Nucleoprotein Elements after the Divergence of Old World and New World Monkeys 英文参考文献

NoEvidenceforNaturalSelectiononEndogenousBorna- LikeNucleoproteinElementsaftertheDivergenceofOld WorldandNewWorldMonkeys YukiKobayashi1,MasayukiHorie2,3,KeizoTomonaga2,3,YoshiyukiSuzuki1* 1GraduateSchoolofNaturalSciences,NagoyaCityUniversity,Nagoya,Aichi,Japan,2ResearchInstituteforMicrobialDiseases(BIKEN),OsakaUniversity,Suita,Osaka, Japan,3InstituteforVirusResearch,KyotoUniversity,Sakyo-ku,Kyoto,Japan Abstract Endogenous Borna-like nucleoprotein (EBLNs) elements were recently discovered as non-retroviral RNA virus elements derivedfrombornavirusinthegenomesofvariousanimals.MostofEBLNsappearedtobedefective,butsomeofprimate EBLN-1to-4,whichappearedtobeoriginatedfromfourindependentintegrationsofbornavirusnucleoprotein(N)gene, haveretainedanopenreadingframe(ORF)formorethan40millionyears.ItwasthereforepossiblethatprimateEBLNs haveencodedfunctionalproteinsduringevolution.Toexaminethispossibility,naturalselectionoperatingonallORFsof primate EBLN-1 to -4 was examined by comparing the rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions. The expectednumberofprematureterminationcodonsinEBLN-1generatedafterthedivergenceofOldWorldandNewWorld monkeysundertheselectiveneutralitywasalsoexaminedbytheMonteCarlosimulation.Asaresult,naturalselectionwas notidentified fortheentire region aswellas partsof ORFsinthepairwise analysisof primateEBLN-1to-4andfor any branchofthephylogenetictreesforEBLN-1to-4afterthedivergenceofOldWorldandNewWorldmonkeys.Computer simulationalsoindicatedthattheabsenceofprematureterminationcodoninthepresent-dayEBLN-1doesnotnecessarily supportthemaintenanceoffunctionafterthedivergenceofOldWorldandNewWorldmonkeys.Theseresultssuggestthat EBLNshavenotgenerallyencodedfunctionalproteinsafterthedivergenceofOldWorldandNewWorldmonkeys. Citation:KobayashiY,HorieM,TomonagaK,SuzukiY(2011)NoEvidenceforNaturalSelectiononEndogenousBorna-LikeNucleoproteinElementsafterthe DivergenceofOldWorldandNewWorldMonkeys.PLoSONE6(9):e24403.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024403 Editor:Thoma