On Calibration of pH Meters 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2005, 5, 209-219 sensors ISSN 1424-8220 ? 2005 by MDPI /sensors On Calibration of pH Meters K. L. Cheng and Da-Ming Zhu * Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Missouri-Kansas City,Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110 USA. * E-mail: zhud@ Received: 27 May 2004 / Accepted: 14 November 2004 / Published: 27 April 2005 Abstract: The calibration of pH meters including the pH glass electrode, ISE electrodes, buffers, and the general background for calibration are reviewed. Understanding of basic concepts of pH, pOH, and electrode mechanism is emphasized. New concepts of pH, pOH, as well as critical examination of activity, and activity coefficients are given. The emergence of new solid state pH electrodes and replacement of the salt bridge with a conducting wire have opened up a new horizon for pH measurements. A pH buffer solution with a conducting wire may be used as a stable reference electrode. The misleading unlimited linear Nernstian slope should be discarded. Calibration curves with 3 nonlinear portions for the entire 0—14 pH range due to the isoelectric point change effect are explained. The potential measurement with stirring or unstirring and effects by double layer (DL) and triple layer (TL) will be discussed. Keywords: electrochemistry, electrode, pH measurement Introduction Most instrumental methods of analysis are relative. Instruments register a signal due to some physical or chemical property of the solution. For example, pH meters measure the electrode potential which must be related to the [H+] or [OH-] of the solution by comparison against known [H+] or [OH-] standard buffers. In other words, the pH meter must be calibrated in order to obtain accurate results. A standard procedure for calibrating pH meters is to prepare a linear working curve known as a calibration curve by pl