On drug treatment and social control Russian narcologys great leap backwards 英文参考文献.docVIP

Harm Reduction Journal BioMedCentral Editorial Open Access On drug treatment and social control: Russian narcologys great leap backwards Richard Elovich*1 and Ernest Drucker1,2 Address: 1Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, NYC, USA and 2Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NYC, USA Email: Richard Elovich* - elovichnyc@; Ernest Drucker - emdrucker@ * Corresponding author Published: 24 June 2008 Received: 21 January 2008 Accepted: 24 June 2008 Harm Reduction Journal 2008, 5:23 doi:10.1186/1477-7517-5-23 This article is available from: /content/5/1/23 ? 2008 Elovich and Drucker; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract The medical discipline of narcology in Russia is a subspecialty of psychiatry from the Soviet era and it is given warrant to define the scope of health activities with regard to alcohol and other drug use, drug users, and related problems. Narcological practice is in turn constrained by the State. The emergence of widespread injection opiate use and associated HIV morbidities and mortalities during the first decade following the collapse of the Soviet Union has brought the contradictions in Russian narcological discourse into high relief. Narcology officials in the Russian Federation have consistently opposed substitution treatment for opiate dependence – the replacement of a short- acting illegal substance with a longer acting prescribed drug with similar pharmacological action but lower degree of risk. Thus, despite the addition of methadone and buprenorphine to WHOs list of essential medicines in 2005 and multiple position papers by international experts calling for substitution treatment as a critical element in