On Prolonging Network Lifetime through Load-Similar Node Deployment in Wireless Sensor Networks 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2011, 11, 3527-3544; doi:10.3390/s110403527 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article On Prolonging Network Lifetime through Load-Similar Node Deployment in Wireless Sensor Networks Qiao-Qin Li 1, Haigang Gong 1,*, Ming Liu 1, Mei Yang 2 and Jun Zheng 3 1 School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of Chengdu, Chengdu 610054, China; E-Mails: helenli803@ (Q.-Q.L.); csmliu@ (M.L.) 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; E-Mail: meiyang@ 3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA; E-Mail: zheng@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: hggong@. Received: 30 January 2011; in revised form: 17 March 2011 / Accepted: 21 March 2011 / Published: 24 March 2011 Abstract: This paper is focused on the study of the energy hole problem in the Progressive Multi-hop Rotational Clustered (PMRC)-structure, a highly scalable wireless sensor network (WSN) architecture. Based on an analysis on the traffic load distribution in PMRC-based WSNs, we propose a novel load-similar node distribution strategy combined with the Minimum Overlapping Layers (MOL) scheme to address the energy hole problem in PMRC-based WSNs. In this strategy, sensor nodes are deployed in the network area according to the load distribution. That is, more nodes shall be deployed in the range where the average load is higher, and then the loads among different areas in the sensor network tend to be balanced. Simulation results demonstrate that the load-similar node distribution strategy prolongs network lifetime and reduces the average packet latency in comparison with existing nonuniform node distribution and uniform node distribution strategies. Note that, besides the PMRC structure, the analysis model and the proposed load-simil