Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger 英文参考文献.doc

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Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger 英文参考文献

OldestKnownPantherineSkullandEvolutionofthe Tiger JiH.Maza′k1*,PerChristiansen2,AndrewC.Kitchener3 1Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, 2Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Environmental Engineering, UniversityofAalborg,Aalborg,Denmark,3NationalMuseumsScotland,Edinburgh,UnitedKingdom Abstract The tiger is one of the most iconic extant animals, and its origin and evolution have been intensely debated. Fossils attributabletoextantpantherinespecies-lineagesarelessthan2MYAandtheearliesttigerfossilsarefromtheCalabrian, LowerPleistocene.Molecularstudiespredictamuchyoungerageforthedivergenceofmoderntigersubspeciesat,100 KYA,althoughtheircranialmorphologyisreadilydistinguishable,indicatingthatearlyPleistocenetigerswouldlikelyhave differedmarkedlyanatomicallyfromextanttigers.Suchinferencesarehamperedbythefactthatwell-knownfossiltiger material is middle to late Pleistocene in age. Here we describe a new species of pantherine cat from Longdan, Gansu Province,China,Pantherazdanskyisp.nov.Withanestimatedageof2.55–2.16MYAitrepresentstheoldestcompleteskull ofapantherinecathithertofound.Althoughsmaller,itappearsmorphologicallytobesurprisinglysimilartomoderntigers consideringitsage.Morphological,morphometric,andcladisticanalysesarecongruentinconfirmingitsverycloseaffinity tothetiger,anditmayberegardedasthemostprimitivespeciesofthetigerlineage,demonstratingthefirstunequivocal presenceofamodernpantherinespecies-lineageinthebasalstageofthePleistocene(Gelasian;traditionallyconsideredto beLatePliocene).Thisfindsupportsanorth-centralChineseoriginofthetigerlineage,anddemonstratesthatvariousparts ofthecranium,mandible,anddentitionevolvedatdifferentrates.Anincreaseinsizeandareductionintherelativesizeof parts of the dentition appear to have been prominent features of tiger evolution, whereas the distinctive cranial morphologyofmoderntigerswasestablishedveryearlyintheirevolutionaryhistory.Theevolutionarytrendofincreasing sizeinthetigerlineage