Ochratoxin A Contamination of Food from Croatia 英文参考文献.docVIP

Toxins 2010, 2, 2098-2105; doi:10.3390/toxins2082098 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 /journal/toxins Review Ochratoxin A Contamination of Food from Croatia Maja Peraica 1,*, Dubravka Flajs 1, Ana-Marija Domijan 1, Dario Ivi? 2 and Bogdan Cvjetkovi? 2 1 Unit of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mails: dflajs@imi.hr (D.F.); adomijan@imi.hr (A.-M.D.) 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sveto?imunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mails: divic@agr.hr (D.I.); bogdan.cvjetkovic@zg.t-com.hr (B.C.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: mperaica@imi.hr; Tel.: +385-1-4673-188; Fax: +385-1-4673-303. Received: 15 July 2010; in revised form: 3 August 2010 / Accepted: 9 August 2010 / Published: 10 August 2010 Abstract: Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic properties produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus moulds under different climatic conditions. Humans and animals are exposed to this compound mainly via ingestion of contaminated food. In Croatia, research on mycotoxins focused on OTA when the mycotoxin theory of endemic nephropathy (EN) was postulated. Ochratoxin A was more frequent and at higher concentration in foods from EN than those from the control regions. Subsequently, OTA concentrations were determined in some commodities intended for human consumption such as maize, wheat, beans and wine. Samples from all parts of Croatia were analyzed and OTA was found in all types of commodities. It was frequently found together with other mycotoxins (fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2 and zearalenone). In general, OTA concentration in foods from Croatia is low, but the frequency of positive samples shows considerable variations from year to year depending also on sampling location. Although low levels of OTA were