Olfactory Cues from Plants Infected by Powdery Mildew Guide Foraging by a Mycophagous Ladybird Beetle 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Olfactory Cues from Plants Infected by Powdery Mildew Guide Foraging by a Mycophagous Ladybird Beetle 英文参考文献.doc

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Olfactory Cues from Plants Infected by Powdery Mildew Guide Foraging by a Mycophagous Ladybird Beetle 英文参考文献

OlfactoryCuesfromPlantsInfectedbyPowderyMildew GuideForagingbyaMycophagousLadybirdBeetle JunTabata1,2,ConsueloM.DeMoraes1,MarkC.Mescher1* 1DepartmentofEntomology,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,Pennsylvania,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2BiodiversityDivision,NationalInstituteforAgro- EnvironmentalSciences,Tsukuba,IbarakiPrefecture,Japan Abstract Powdery mildews (Erysiphales) are economically important plant pathogens that attack many agricultural crops. Conventionalmanagementstrategiesinvolvingfungicideapplicationfacechallenges,includingtheevolutionofresistance and concerns over impacts on non-target organisms, that call for investigation of more sustainable alternatives. Mycophagous ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feed on powdery mildew and have considerable potential as biological controlagents;however, theforagingecology andbehaviorofthesebeetles isnot wellunderstood.Herewe documenttheolfactorycuespresentedbysquashplants(Cucurbitamoschata)infectedbypowderymildew(Podosphaera sp.) and the behavioral responses of twenty-spotted ladybird beetles (Psyllobora vigintimaculata) to these cues. Volatile analysesthroughgaschromatographyrevealedanumberofvolatilecompoundscharacteristicofinfectedplants,including 3-octanol and its analogues 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone. These compounds are typical ‘‘moldy’’ odorants previously reported in volatiles collected from other fungi. In addition, infected plants exhibited elevated emissions of several compoundsalsoobservedincollectionsfromhealthyleaves,includinglinaloolandbenzylalcohol,whicharereportedto have anti-fungal properties. In Y-tube choice assays, P. vigintimaculata beetles displayed a significant preference for the odors of infected plants compared to those of healthy plants. Moreover, beetles exhibited strong attraction to one individualcompound,1-octen-3-ol,whichwasthemostabundantofthecharacteristicfungalcompoundsidentified.These resultsenhanceourunderstandingoftheolfactorycuesthatguideforagingbymycoph