One Rhodopsin per Photoreceptor Iro-C Genes Break the Rule 英文参考文献.docVIP

Primer One Rhodopsin per Photoreceptor: Iro-C Genes Break the Rule Doekele G. Stavenga , Kentaro Arikawa * E ver since Morgan observed a mutant male with white eyes among the normally brilliant red-eyed specimens in his pedigree culture of fruit ?ies, Drosophila has been the rhabdomeres in the complementary set of ommatidia appearing pale [7]. The R7 and R8 photoreceptors of these ommatidia types, accordingly called y and p type, appear to have different rhodopsins [5]. an inexhaustible source of scienti?c inspiration and discovery [1]. The regular, almost crystalline mosaic of the fruit ?y eye has proved a powerful tool for unraveling genetic defects resulting in anatomical as well as functional modi?cations of normal physiological and/or behavioral patterns [2]. Developmental and cell biological studies in particular have greatly bene?ted from the clear and accessible organization of the fruit ?y compound eye. A Drosophila eye consists of roughly 800 anatomically identical units, called the ommatidia (Figure 1A). Each ommatidium contains eight photoreceptor cells (R1–R8) and is capped by a facet lens. The lens projects incident light into each photoreceptor’s rhabdomere—the Drosophila has six rhodopsins, Rh1–Rh6. The corresponding protein moieties, the opsins, are encoded by the genes rh1-rh6 [3,5,8]. Depending on the opsin, the rhodopsin absorbs primarily in one of three wavelength ranges—ultraviolet (UV), blue, or green (Figure 2). The exclusively UV-absorbing Rh3 (Figure 2) occurs in the R7 photoreceptors of 30% of the ommatidia, which are randomly distributed throughout the retina. These ommatidia are called p type, based on their similarity to the UV-absorbing rhodopsin in the R7 photoreceptors of house?y and blow?y p type ommatidia. Rh4, which also absorbs UV (Figure 2), is found in the complementary y type ommatidia, which make up the remaining 70% of R7 photoreceptors. The blue-absorbing Rh5 opsin is expressed in all R8s of the p type omma