Ongoing Movement of the Hermit Warbler X Townsends Warbler Hybrid Zone 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Ongoing Movement of the Hermit Warbler X Townsends Warbler Hybrid Zone 英文参考文献.doc

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Ongoing Movement of the Hermit Warbler X Townsends Warbler Hybrid Zone 英文参考文献

OngoingMovementoftheHermitWarblerXTownsend’s WarblerHybridZone MeadeKrosby*,SievertRohwer DepartmentofBiologyandBurkeMuseum,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,Washington,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background:Movementsofhybridzones–areasofoverlapandinterbreedingbetweenspecies–aredifficulttodocument empirically.Thisistruebecausemovinghybridzonesareexpectedtoberare,andbecausemovementmayproceedtoo slowlytobemeasureddirectly.Townsend’swarblers(Dendroicatownsendi)hybridizewithhermitwarblers(D.occidentalis) where their ranges overlap in Washington and Oregon. Previous morphological, behavioral, and genetic studies of this hybrid zone suggest that it has been steadily moving into the geographical range of hermit warblers, with the more aggressive Townsend’s warblers replacing hermit warblers along ,2000km of the Pacific coast of Canada and Alaska. Ongoingmovementofthezone,however,hasyettobeempiricallydemonstrated. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Wecomparedrecentlysampledhybridzonespecimenstothosecollected10–20years earlier, to test directly the long-standing hypothesis of hybrid zone movement between these species. Newly sampled specimensweremoreTownsend’s-likethanhistoricalspecimens,consistentwithongoingmovementofthezoneintothe geographicalrangeofhermitwarblers. Conclusions/Significance:Whilemovementofahybridzonemaybeexplainedbyseveralpossiblemechanisms,inthiscase awealthofexistingevidencesuggeststhatmovementisbeingdrivenbythecompetitivedisplacementofhermitwarblers byTownsend’swarblers.Thatnoecologicaldifferenceshavebeenfoundbetweenthesespecies,andthatreplacementof hermit warblers by Townsend’s warblers is proceeding downward in latitude and elevation – opposite the directions of rangeshiftspredictedbyrecentclimatechange–furthersupportthatthismovementisnotbeingdrivenbyalternative environmentalfactors.Ifthemechanismofcompetitivedisplacementiscorrect,whetherthisprocesswillultimatelyleadto the extinction of hermit warblers will depend on the continued maintenance of the drama