Ongoing Phenotypic and Genomic Changes in Experimental Coevolution of RNA Bacteriophage Qβ and Escherichia coli 英文参考文献.docVIP

OngoingPhenotypicandGenomicChangesin ExperimentalCoevolutionofRNABacteriophageQband Escherichiacoli AkikoKashiwagi1*,TetsuyaYomo2,3,4* 1FacultyofAgricultureandLifeScience,HirosakiUniversity,Hirosaki,Aomori,Japan,2GraduateSchoolofInformationScienceandTechnology,OsakaUniversity,Osaka, Japan, 3Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, 4Dynamical Micro-Scale Reaction Environment Project, Exploratory Research for AdvancedTechnology,JapanScienceandTechnologyAgency,Osaka,Japan Abstract According to the Red Queen hypothesis or arms race dynamics, coevolution drives continuous adaptation and counter- adaptation.Experimentalmodelsundersimplifiedenvironmentsconsistingofbacteriaandbacteriophageshavebeenused toanalyzetheongoingprocessofcoevolution,buttheanalysisofbothparasitesandtheirhostsinongoingadaptationand counter-adaptationremainedtobeperformedatthelevelsofpopulationdynamicsandmolecularevolutiontounderstand how the phenotypes and genotypes of coevolving parasite–host pairs change through the arms race. Copropagation experiments with Escherichia coli and the lytic RNA bacteriophage Qb in a spatially unstructured environment revealed coexistencefor54days(equivalentto163–165replicationgenerationsofQb)andfitnessanalysisindicatedthattheywere inanarmsrace.E.colifirstadaptedbydevelopingpartialresistancetoinfectionandlaterincreasingspecificgrowthrate. The phage counter-adapted by improving release efficiency with a change in host specificity and decrease in virulence. Whole-genomeanalysisindicatedthatthephageaccumulated7.5mutations,mainlyintheA2gene,3.4-foldfasterthanin Qbpropagatedalone.E.colishowedfixationoftwomutations(intraQandcsdA)fasterthaninsoleE.coliexperimental evolution. These observations suggest that the virus and its host can coexist in an evolutionary arms race, despite a difference in genome mutability (i.e., mutations per genome per replication) of approximately one to three orders of magnitude. Citation: Kashiwagi A, Yomo T (2011)