Origins of altered reinforcement effects in ADHD 英文参考文献.docVIP

Behavioral and Brain Functions BioMedCentral Review Open Access Origins of altered reinforcement effects in ADHD Espen Borg? Johansen*1,2, Peter R Killeen1,3, Vivienne A Russell1,4, Gail Tripp1,5, Jeff R Wickens1,6, Rosemary Tannock1,7, Jonathan Williams1 and Terje Sagvolden1,2 Address: 1Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at the Norwegian Academy for Science and Letters, Oslo, Norway, 2Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, 3Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA, 4Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa, 5Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan, 6Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan and 7Research Institute of The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada Email: Espen Borg? Johansen* - e.b.johansen@medisin.uio.no; Peter R Killeen - killeen@; Vivienne A Russell - Vivienne.Russell@uct.ac.za; Gail Tripp - tripp@oist.jp; Jeff R Wickens - wickens@oist.jp; Rosemary Tannock - rosemary.tannock@utoronto.ca; Jonathan Williams - johwilliams@; Terje Sagvolden - terje.sagvolden@medisin.uio.no * Corresponding author Published: 18 February 2009 Received: 4 August 2008 Accepted: 18 February 2009 Behavioral and Brain Functions 2009, 5:7 doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-7 This article is available from: /content/5/1/7 ? 2009 Johansen et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by hyperactivity, impulsiveness and deficient sustained attention, is one of the most common and persis