Oromucosal Administration of Interferon to Humans 英文参考文献.docVIP

Pharmaceuticals 2010, 3, 323-344; doi:10.3390/ph3020323 OPEN ACCESS pharmaceuticals ISSN 1424-8247 /journal/pharmaceuticals Review Oromucosal Administration of Interferon to Humans Manfred W. Beilharz 1,*, Martin J. Cummins 2, Alayne L. Bennett 1 and Joseph M. Cummins 2 1 School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; E-Mail: bennetta@.au (A.L.B.) 2 Amarillo Biosciences, Inc., 4134 Business Park Drive, Amarillo, TX 79110, USA; E-Mails: mcummins@ (M.J.C.); jcummins@ (J.M.C.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: beilharz@.au; Tel.: +11-61-8-9346-2663; Fax: +11-61-8-9346-2912. Received: 1 December 2009; in revised form: 20 January 2010 / Accepted: 25 January 2010 / Published: 28 January 2010 Abstract: The prevailing dogma is that, to be systemically effective, interferon-alpha (IFNα) must be administered in sufficiently high doses to yield functional blood concentrations. Such an approach to IFNα therapy has proven effective in some instances, but high-dose parenteral IFNα therapy has the disadvantage of causing significant adverse events. Mounting evidence suggests that IFNα delivered into the oral cavity in low doses interacts with the oral mucosa in a unique manner to induce systemic host defense mechanisms without IFNα actually entering the circulation, thus reducing the potential for toxic side effects. A better understanding of the applications and potential benefits of this treatment modality are under active investigation. This paper provides a review of the relevant literature on the clinical use of the oromucosal route of administration of interferon, with an emphasis on the treatment of influenza. Keywords: interferon; oromucosal delivery; influenza; treatment; viral diseases 1. Introduction Injections of interferon alpha (IFNα) by intrave