Penguin Chicks Benefit from Elevated Yolk Androgen Levels under Sibling Competition 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Penguin Chicks Benefit from Elevated Yolk Androgen Levels under Sibling Competition 英文参考文献.doc

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Penguin Chicks Benefit from Elevated Yolk Androgen Levels under Sibling Competition 英文参考文献

PenguinChicksBenefitfromElevatedYolkAndrogen LevelsunderSiblingCompetition MaudPoisbleau1*,WendtMu¨ller1,DavidCarslake2,LaurentDemongin1,TonG.G.Groothuis3,JeffVan Camp1,MarcelEens1 1DepartmentofBiology-Ethology,UniversityofAntwerp,Wilrijk,Belgium,2MRCCentreforCausalAnalysesinTranslationalEpidemiology(CAiTE),SchoolofSocialand CommunityMedicine,UniversityofBristol,Bristol,UnitedKingdom,3BehaviouralBiology,InstituteofBehaviouralNeuroscience,UniversityofGroningen,Groningen,The Netherlands Abstract Crested penguins (genus Eudyptes) have a peculiar hatching pattern, with the first-laid egg (A-egg) hatching after the second-laidegg(B-egg)andchicksfromA-eggstypicallyhavingamuchlowersurvivalprobability.Maternalyolkandrogens havebeensuggestedtocontributetothecompetitivesuperiorityoftheB-chickinsouthernrockhopperpenguinsEudyptes chrysocome,giventheirimportantroleinmediatingsiblingcompetitioninotherspecies.Wethereforeincreasedtheyolk androgen levels in freshly-laid eggs and examined the consequences for sibling competition - via effects on embryonic developmentaltimes,chickgrowthandearlysurvival.Weplacedoneandrogen-treatedeggandonecontroleggintoeach foster nest, matching them for mass, laying date and laying order. The androgen treatment did not significantly affect embryonic developmental times or chick measurements at hatching. However, elevated yolk androgen levelsbenefitted chickgrowthininteractionwiththenumberofsiblingsinabrood.Chicksfromandrogen-treatedeggshadfastergrowthin the presence of a sibling than chicks from control eggs. Under these circumstances they also had a higher survival probability.Thusmaternalandrogensappeartoreinforcetheobservedhatchingpattern,facilitatingbroodreduction.This contraststomostpreviousstudiesinotherspecieswhereyolkandrogenshavebeenshowntocompensateforthenegative consequencesofdelayedhatchingwithinthebroodhierarchy. Citation:PoisbleauM,Mu¨llerW,CarslakeD,DemonginL,GroothuisTGG,etal.(2012)PenguinChicksBenefitfromElevatedYolkAndrogenLevelsun