Prior contest experience exerts a long-term influence on subsequent winner and loser effects 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Prior contest experience exerts a long-term influence on subsequent winner and loser effects 英文参考文献.doc

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Prior contest experience exerts a long-term influence on subsequent winner and loser effects 英文参考文献

LanandHsuFrontiersinZoology2011,8:28 /content/8/1/28 RESEARCH OpenAccess Priorcontestexperienceexertsalong-term influenceonsubsequentwinnerandlosereffects Yi-TingLanandYuyingHsu* Abstract Introduction:Animalsarecapableofusinginformationfromrecentexperiencestomodifysubsequentbehavioral responses.Animals’abilityorpropensitytomodifytheirbehaviorinthelightofnewinformationhasrepeatedly beenshowntocorrelatewith,orbeinfluencedby,eithertheirintrinsiccompetitiveabilityortheirdominance experience-aninfluencewhichcanbelong-lasting.Usingamangrovekillifish,Kryptolebiasmarmoratus,asthe studyorganism,weinvestigatedwhetherandifsohowtheeffectofawinningoralosingexperienceoneday priortoadyadiccontestwasmodulatedbybothcompetitiveabilitymeasuredtwomonthspreviouslyanda winningorlosingexperienceforcedonthecontestantsonemonthpreviously. Results:Winning/losingexperienceforcedonthefishonemonthpreviouslyaffectedhowtheyutilized informationfromtheirwinning/losingexperienceonedaybeforeTestDay:Individualsthatwererandomly assignedalosingexperienceonemonthpreviouslyweremoresusceptibletotheinfluenceoftheir1-daywinning/ losingexperiencethanthoseassignedawinningexperience.Competitiveabilitymeasuredtwomonthspreviously, winning/losingexperiencefromonemonthpreviouslyandthewinning/losingexperiencereceivedoneday previouslyallsignificantlyinfluencedthefish’scontestbehaviorsonTestDay,althoughonly2-monthcompetitive abilitysignificantlyinfluencedescalationduration,indicatingthatitwasstillagoodindexforthefish’ scompetitive abilitytwomonthslater. Conclusions:Theseresultssuggestthatthevaluetothefishofinformationfromarecentwinorlossdependson theoutcomeoftheirpastcontestsandshowthatcontestexperiencehasalong-termeffectoncontestbehavior. Keywords:animalcontest,winner-losereffect,information,fightingability,Kryptolebiasmarmoratus Introduction golden-mantled groundsquirrels (Spermophilus latera- Thereisarichliteraturedemonstratingthatanimalscan lis) depended on the combined effect of their multiple incorporate