Prey Responses to Predator Chemical Cues Disentangling the Importance of the Number and Biomass of Prey Consumed 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Prey Responses to Predator Chemical Cues Disentangling the Importance of the Number and Biomass of Prey Consumed 英文参考文献.doc

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Prey Responses to Predator Chemical Cues Disentangling the Importance of the Number and Biomass of Prey Consumed 英文参考文献

PreyResponsestoPredatorChemicalCues: DisentanglingtheImportanceoftheNumberand BiomassofPreyConsumed MichaelW.McCoy1,2*,JustinC.Touchon3,4,TobiasLandberg4,KarenM.Warkentin3,4,JamesR.Vonesh2 1Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America, 2Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America, 3Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Repu′blica de Panama′, 4Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Toeffectivelybalanceinvestmentinpredatordefensesversusothertraits,organismsmustaccuratelyassesspredationrisk. Chemicalcuescausedbypredationeventsareindicatorsofriskforpreyinawidevarietyofsystems,buttherelationship betweenhowpreyperceiveriskinrelationtotheamountofpreyconsumedbypredatorsispoorlyunderstood.Whileper capitapredationrateisoftenusedasthemetricofrelativerisk,studiesaimedatquantifyingpredator-induceddefenses commonlycontrolbiomassofpreyconsumedasthemetricofrisk.However,biomassconsumedcanchangebyaltering eitherthenumberorsizeofpreyconsumed.Inthisstudywedeterminewhetherphenotypicplasticitytopredatorchemical cuesdependsuponpreybiomassconsumed,preynumberconsumed,orboth.Weexaminethegrowthresponseofred- eyed treefrog tadpoles (Agalychnis callidryas) to cues from a larval dragonfly (Anax amazili). Biomass consumed was manipulatedbyeitherincreasingthenumberofpreywhileholdingindividualpreysizeconstant,orbyholdingthenumber ofpreyconstantandvaryingindividualpreysize.Weaddresstwoquestions.(i)Dopreyreducegrowthrateinresponseto chemicalcuesinadosedependentmanner?(ii)Doesthemagnitudeoftheresponsedependonwhetherpreyconsumption increases via number or size of prey? We find that the phenotypic response of prey is an asymptotic function of prey biomass consumed. However, the asymptotic response is higher when more prey are consumed. Our findings have importantimplicationsforevaluatingpaststudiesandhowfutureexperimentssho