Progress in Vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b in the Americas 英文参考文献.docVIP

Health in Action Progress in Vaccination against Haemophilus in?uenzae type b in the Americas M. Carolina Danovaro-Holliday , Salvador Garcia, Ciro de Quadros, Gina Tambini, Jon K. Andrus * W orldwide, Haemophilus in?uenzae type b (Hib) causes at least 3 million cases of Summary Points who face the challenge of introducing Hib and other new or underutilized vaccines. ? ? Hib vaccine introduction in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean has substantially reduced morbidity and mortality due to invasive Hib infections. severe disease each year. Approximately 400,000 children die annually due to pneumonia or meningitis caused by Hib [1]. Severe neurological sequelae occur in 15% to 30% of those who survive Hib meningitis [2]. Other, less frequent, manifestations of Hib are epiglottitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and septicemia [1–3]. Current polysaccharide–protein conjugate Hib vaccines are highly ef?cacious and safe. Primary series of two or three doses protect approximately 95% of infants [4–8]. Universal infant Hib immunization has proven to dramatically reduce Hib invasive disease [9–13] through direct vaccine protection and an important herd effect related to the reduction in Hib nasopharyngeal carriage in the community [12,14–16]. Adverse events are rare, and Hib vaccine is contraindicated only for persons with hypersensitivity to any of the vaccine’s components [8,17]. Methods To assess the progress accomplished by LAC countries in Hib vaccination and the remaining challenges, we reviewed the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)’s Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on Vaccine-preventable Diseases recommendations; annual country immunization reports to PAHO; Hib- containing vaccine purchase records from PAHO’s Revolving Fund; and Hib isolation data from selected countries participating in a Regional Laboratory Network for Surveillance of Bacterial All Latin American and Caribbean countries but one include Hib vaccine in their routine immunization