Pros and Cons of Adopting Water-Wise Approaches in the Lower Reaches of the Amu Darya A Socio-Economic View 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Pros and Cons of Adopting Water-Wise Approaches in the Lower Reaches of the Amu Darya A Socio-Economic View 英文参考文献.doc

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Pros and Cons of Adopting Water-Wise Approaches in the Lower Reaches of the Amu Darya A Socio-Economic View 英文参考文献

Water 2010, 2, 200-216; doi:10.3390/w2020200 OPEN ACCESS water ISSN 2073-4441 /journal/water Article Pros and Cons of Adopting Water-Wise Approaches in the Lower Reaches of the Amu Darya: A Socio-Economic View Maksud Bekchanov 1,*, John P.A. Lamers 2 and Christopher Martius 1, 3 1 Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn University, D-53113 Bonn, Germany 2 ZEF/UNESCO (Khorezm) Project, Urgench State University, 220100 Urgench, Uzbekistan; E-Mail: j.lamers@zef.uzpak.uz 3 Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, 12227-010 S?o José dos Campos, SP, Brazil; E-Mail: cmartius@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: maksud@uni-bonn.de; Tel.: +49-228-73-4962; Fax: +49-228-73-1889. Received: 1 March 2010; in revised form: 18 March 2010 / Accepted: 6 May 2010 / Published: 20 May 2010 Abstract: The increased frequency of water shortages parallel to growing demands for agricultural commodities in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River, Central Asia, calls for improving the system-level water use efficiency, by using interventions at the field level. Despite the existence of various best practices of effective water use (defined here as “water-wise options”), they are not widely adopted by farmers owing to high initial costs of investment and lack of the necessary knowledge and skills of a new generation of farmers after the Soviet era. For assessing the potential of several water-wise techniques, key indicators such as water use reduction rate (WURR), economic efficiency (EE), and financial viability (FV) were combined with expert surveys. A SWOT procedure was used to analyze the (dis)advantages, opportunities and constraints of adopting the selected water-wise methods. Results show that the examined options have substantial potential for increasing water use efficiency under promising EE. The various recommendations aim at improving the sustainability of irrigation water u