Quorum Sensing in Fungi Q 英文参考文献.docVIP

Pearls QuorumSensinginFungi:QA HitenD.Madhani* DepartmentofBiochemistryandBiophysics,UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,SanFrancisco,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Iknowthattheaccumulationofcertainmolecules called‘‘quorum-sensingfactors’’inbacteria,as culturesgrowdense,cancontrolgroupbehavior andthattheseincludevirulencetraitsandthe formationofdrug-resistantmicrobialbiofilms.I amfamiliarwithsomeofthemoleculesthat mediatethesensingoforganismdensitysuchas homoserinelactonesandpeptides.However,I don’tknowaboutsuchsystemsinfungi.What typesofmoleculesareinvolved? low culture density, but the story is more complex: only mutants lackingtheTup1corepressordisplayadependencyonthepeptidefor growth [3]. One model to explain this observation is that Tup1 (presumably acting through a sequence-specific DNA binding repressor)turnsoffaninhibitorofgrowththatisredundantlyinhibited bythequorum-sensingsystem(Figure1D).Thus,thequorumsystem mayonlyberequiredforgrowthnormallywhenrepressionofatarget byTup1isrelievedinresponsetoenvironmentalsignals. Iknowthatsomebacteriaregulatebiofilm formationinresponsetoquorum-sensingsignals. Doesthishappeninfungi? In the human commensal and pathogenic fungus Candida albicans, two molecules have been described: farnesol and tyrosol [1,2].Farnesolisasesquiterpinealcohol,whichisanalcoholmade upofthreeisopreneunits(Figure1A).Tyrosolisanalcoholrelated totheaminoacidtyrosine(Figure1B).Acompletelydifferenttype of molecule, a peptide (Figure 1C), is made by the human opportunisticyeastCryptococcusneoformans. Yes. C. albicans biofilm formation is inhibited by farnesol [6]. This has been suggested to regulate the extent of biofilm formation. Microarray analysis indicates that farnesol activates hyphal-specificgeneexpressionwhileinhibitingtheexpressionofa cell surface hydrophobin [7]. Whether endogenous farnesol production controls biofilm formation will require mutants specificallydefectiveinitssynthesis. HowarefarnesolandtyrosolmadebyC.albicans? Manyp